Global Economics: Global Resources

Transcript

<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td width="84" valign="top">TC</td><td width="132" valign="top">VISION</td><td width="267" valign="top">V/O</td><td width="165" valign="top">SYNC</td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">31.00</td><td width="132" valign="top">Timber felling/ oil extraction/ diamond diggers</td><td width="267" valign="top">When we talk about natural resources, often referred to as "land" in economics, we mean timber, oil, minerals, and other goods taken more or less as they are from the earth. Traditionally land, labor and capital are considered the three factors that determine a nation's ability to produce for domestic consumption or international trade. But these factors are not distributed uniformly across the globe, and those with access to natural resources tend to use them extensively in production, often devastating local economies.</td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">01.15</td><td width="132" valign="top">Dr. Anthony Venables, London School of Economics</td><td width="267" valign="top"> </td><td width="165" valign="top">If you've got a booming resource sector bringing in a lot of foreign exchange, that's going to drive up your exchange rate and make it very, very difficult for any other export activities, industrial activities to become established.</td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">01.30</td><td width="132" valign="top"> </td><td width="267" valign="top">Industrialization and increased economic integration have also blighted the global environment. </td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">01.37</td><td width="132" valign="top">NEWS REPORTER, Chernobyl 1986</td><td width="267" valign="top"> </td><td width="165" valign="top">The fire following a meltdown of nuclear fuel at a power station in the Soviet Union is still burning intensely. The station is spewing a radioactive cloud over Europe...</td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">01.48</td><td width="132" valign="top"> </td><td width="267" valign="top">Debate rages on how to best manage our remaining resources into the future. In this film we examine how the distribution and exploitation of resources has influenced the global political economy in the past, and look at some alternative views of the future.</td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top"> </td><td width="132" valign="top">Fade to black & SUPER</td><td width="267" valign="top">The Drive to Control Natural Resources</td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">02.29</td><td width="132" valign="top">Freeport mine, West Papua      text "strategically important"</td><td width="267" valign="top">Access to natural resources has played a central role in many economic, political and military developments throughout history.  Effective use of natural resources can stimulate economic growth, which often translates into political power or military might. So it's not surprising that some valuable resources are considered "strategically important" or that political and military power have been used to gain access to them. The Indonesian army has been paid to protect Freeport, the world's biggest gold and copper mine - and Indonesia's largest single taxpayer - from the impoverished West Papuans who see these resources as their birthright. </td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">03.13</td><td width="132" valign="top">SYNC Anthonius Wamang</td><td width="267" valign="top"> </td><td width="165" valign="top">My feeling is that Freeport came in and destroyed the environment, destroyed nature and destroyed the places where we live. They pay the Indonesian military and the Indonesian military come and kill us all. They make us suffer.</td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">03.41</td><td width="132" valign="top">Industrial/ resources archive</td><td width="267" valign="top">European nations industrialized first and gained military advantages over others, largely due to the development of their coal and iron industries. Predominantly Northern colonizers extracted valuable resources from their colonies in Africa, South America and Asia. They used them to bolster both economic growth at home, and their political and military power over their colonies. In many cases, they dismantled environmentally sustainable traditional practices in order to do so. These tensions are still playing out today. The indigenous U'wa people of Colombia gained visibility by waging a battle against international oil companies who seek to drill on their land. They survive off the jungle, but there are only five thousand U'wa left in their homeland. </td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top"> </td><td width="132" valign="top"> </td><td width="267" valign="top"> </td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">04.38</td><td width="132" valign="top">SYNC Ora Cuma, U'wa </td><td width="267" valign="top"> </td><td width="165" valign="top">The future looks very difficult. Our gods did not leave us here for this. This was not our destiny. We are here because our mission is to protect the plants, the animals and the human being. The white man is destroying everything and that is why the sun is getting hotter and hotter. I do not understand how the white man has managed to destroy so much of the land.</td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">05.04</td><td width="132" valign="top">Asia map  </td><td width="267" valign="top">In Asia environmental exploitation was evident in the 1930s. The Japanese military government launched a campaign to secure raw materials throughout vast territories in Asia, ranging from China, to <del datetime="2006-01-17T12:33" cite="mailto:Films%20User">Vietman</del><ins datetime="2006-01-17T12:33" cite="mailto:Films%20User">Vietnam</ins> and the Philippines. Many scholars argue that the environmental consequences of colonialism continue to scar the political and economic landscape of Africa in particular. More recently, some foreign policies also seem to have been motivated by efforts to secure access to resources.</td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">05.47</td><td width="132" valign="top">SYNC Kevin Murphy, US Department of Commerce at Oil and Gas Conference </td><td width="267" valign="top"> </td><td width="165" valign="top">From the US perspective, energy security is one of the most important issues the world faces today. Our African trading partners are critical in this respect.</td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">05.55</td><td width="132" valign="top">Saudi oil installations and foreign workers     Georgian military base/ Oil pipeline </td><td width="267" valign="top">Many believe that for the past fifty years US involvement in the Middle East, in particular its close relationship with Saudi Arabia, is largely dictated by US dependence on oil imports and concern about global economic stability should another severe oil crisis emerge. Which is also why the US supports the former Soviet Republic of Georgia's military. It is trying to flush out Chechen militants threatening the pipeline, which links Caspian Sea oilfields to world markets.</td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">06.27</td><td width="132" valign="top">SYNC Gela Bezhuashvili, Deputy Defense Minister</td><td width="267" valign="top"> </td><td width="165" valign="top">Together with American help, we have probably the best quality of training and equipment, which we desperately need. And also financial resources will be available.</td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">06.40</td><td width="132" valign="top">SYNC Alexander Rondeli, Political Analyst</td><td width="267" valign="top"> </td><td width="165" valign="top">The Americans are the greatest consumers of oil in the world, so their interests towards energy in the Caspian is absolutely natural. Russian interests are also mostly based on oil.</td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">06.55</td><td width="132" valign="top">Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and burning oil fields - Iraq beyond the war</td><td width="267" valign="top">The most extreme intervention in pursuit of resources is clearly direct invasion. In 1990 Iraq's former leader, Saddam Hussein, invaded oil-rich Kuwait and captured its oil-fields. This invasion was rebuffed by a UN-sponsored military campaign. But in 2003 Kuwait played host to US forces who entered Iraq to disarm and oust Saddam. Many observers suspect<ins datetime="2006-01-17T12:18" cite="mailto:Films%20User">ed</ins> that concerns over the security of Middle-Eastern oil factored in this decision to go to war.</td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">07.38</td><td width="132" valign="top">Archive ITT/ street protests/ military coup Text: Mohammed Mossadegh, Former Iranian Prime Minister</td><td width="267" valign="top">Private actors have also gone to extremes in their efforts to secure access to resources. Examples include: reported efforts by Western oil companies to overthrow the nationalistic Mossadegh government in Iran in 1953; or the United Fruit Company's attempt to overthrow the reformist government in Guatemala in 1954; or ITT's (International Telegraph and Telephone)'s efforts to overthrow the Allende government in Chile in 1973 - to prevent the nationalization of its property. </td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">08.20</td><td width="132" valign="top">Angolan oil platforms/ mercenaries  </td><td width="267" valign="top">More recently, mercenaries have been used to secure access to resources, such as during the Angolan War after UNITA rebels captured key multinational offshore oil platforms. The oil companies mounted a covert operation to recapture them using mercenaries from a South African firm.</td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">08.40</td><td width="132" valign="top">SYNC Eeben Barlow, mercenary </td><td width="267" valign="top"> </td><td width="165" valign="top">We went in 1993 to secure the oil fields so that they could recover the equipment... that's the oil companies... that's Texaco, Fina, Gulf, Sonangol, everyone... they have been able now to continue with oil production and all the international oil companies have now started investing very heavily into that area.</td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top"> </td><td width="132" valign="top">Fade to black & SUPER</td><td width="267" valign="top">Translating Resources into Economic and Political Power</td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">09.09</td><td width="132" valign="top">Coal mines/ colonial pix Impressive middle eastern oil economy skylinesDubai/ Saudi </td><td width="267" valign="top">The importance of iron and coal to the industrial revolution provides the most obvious proof that resources influence economic growth. But this link is not always as straightforward as we assume. The impressive skylines of many Middle Eastern cities show the potential prosperity for those who control key resources. </td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">09.37</td><td width="132" valign="top">GRAPHIC OPEC    Archive 1973 oil crisis</td><td width="267" valign="top">The countries forming the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) have enjoyed almost unimaginable increases in wealth since it was formed in the 1960s, to wrestle control of oil production from foreign multinationals. And these countries have been able to demand greater political voice internationally, because they control a natural resource on which so many other economies depend.</td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">10.07</td><td width="132" valign="top">Saudi market/ rulers               </td><td width="267" valign="top">But the circumstances that enabled OPEC countries to achieve such economic and political gains were unusual and not easily replicated. Firstly, OPEC is a cartel, meaning it is a group of sellers who collude (usually illegally) to limit supply, thus driving up the price of their product. Cartel members enjoy increased prices only as long as all the major producers resist the temptation to increase their own revenue by selling more than their allotted share. For OPEC this solidarity was based on a passionately shared political agenda amongst the Arab producers, and the dominant role Saudi Arabia plays within the cartel. </td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">10.52</td><td width="132" valign="top">SYNC Dr. Timothy Leunig, London School of Economics</td><td width="267" valign="top"> </td><td width="165" valign="top">It's successful because it's united and it accounts for more than half of oil production. It's also successful in the short run at least because countries cannot do without OPEC's oil. What OPEC didn't realise in the 1970s however, was that over time we could reduce our dependence on oil. We could buy more fuel efficient cars and we could substitute other forms of power.</td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">11.16</td><td width="132" valign="top">Tea picking   text "uranium, tin, bauxite, tea"</td><td width="267" valign="top">Cartels are notoriously difficult to maintain, and the resources most nations have to sell are not nearly as indispensable as oil. So it's not surprising that none of the many other efforts to form resource cartels has been as successful. The unsuccessful coffee cartel was formed by coffee producing countries in 1993. With the expectation of higher prices due to cartel-controlled supply, many growers expanded production. But too many sold more than their allotted share. As a result, there is now an overabundance of coffee on the world market, causing historic lows in world prices. The hardships faced by many coffee growers show the pitfalls of any economic growth strategy which depends on a single resource.  </td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">12.09</td><td width="132" valign="top">SYNC Galfato Funissa, Coffee Farmer  </td><td width="267" valign="top"> </td><td width="165" valign="top">I used to have enough money to send my children to school. Now we've reached the stage where we have to sell assets, like our cattle and other things. That's how we cope.</td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top"> </td><td width="132" valign="top">Fade to black & SUPER</td><td width="267" valign="top">Resources and Economic Development </td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">12.40</td><td width="132" valign="top">Ecuador pipelines</td><td width="267" valign="top">Countries with a natural resource deemed valuable on international markets tend to reallocate other domestic resources to this sector. That way they can better specialize in its production or export, as the theory of comparative advantage recommends. Oil, mining and gas are the dominant sectors of approximately 60 developing countries. Agriculture dominates many others. But this specialization can hinder economic growth. </td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">13.08</td><td width="132" valign="top">SYNC Dr. Timothy Leunig, London School of Economics</td><td width="267" valign="top"> </td><td width="165" valign="top">The curse of natural resources is a proven empirical fact. No country whose exports are predominantly made up of natural resources has had even positive economic growth since 1970.</td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">13.23</td><td width="132" valign="top">Tobacco auction</td><td width="267" valign="top">Intense specialization leaves the domestic economy vulnerable to changes in international demand and prices. The burden worsens if the government borrowed funds anticipating export revenues that never materialize. So even countries blessed with a currently valuable resource should diversify their economies to include other engines of growth. </td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">13.47</td><td width="132" valign="top"> </td><td width="267" valign="top">Tobacco, for example, is Malawi's life-blood, responsible for 15% of GDP and 65% of its foreign exchange earnings. But farmers are at the mercy of price-fixing by multinational companies. US tobacco farmers are heavily subsidized, receiving over $4 a kilo, Malawians get just 73 cents.</td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">14.14</td><td width="132" valign="top">SYNC Lucy Kanyowile, tobacco farmer </td><td width="267" valign="top"> </td><td width="165" valign="top">The amount you are getting for the tobacco is not enough to buy the inputs for the following year, so you are forced to reduce your labour force every year.</td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">14.24</td><td width="132" valign="top">Cracked earth/ rainforests</td><td width="267" valign="top">Specialization can also lead to over exploitation of the natural resource, creating a range of environmental disasters, from pollution to the extinction of species. This leaves nations ill-equipped to build a future, and most often happens in countries already suffering financial, <del datetime="2006-01-17T12:34" cite="mailto:Films%20User">miliary</del><ins datetime="2006-01-17T12:34" cite="mailto:Films%20User">military</ins> or humanitarian crises. In the 1980s, for example, developing countries from the Philippines to Brazil launched massive programs to extract and sell their natural resources, in order to reduce their debt. </td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">15.00</td><td width="132" valign="top">Gas flame</td><td width="267" valign="top">Similar financial pressures have led Ecuador to expand oil production in the Amazon jungle, reducing the benefits from that unique ecosystem in the future.</td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">15.20</td><td width="132" valign="top">SYNC Alejandro, Shaman  </td><td width="267" valign="top"> </td><td width="165" valign="top">Before the oil companies arrived, people lived well. They enjoyed themselves in the jungle, they were healthy, there were many animals to catch and eat.</td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">15.37</td><td width="132" valign="top">trees</td><td width="267" valign="top">At the beginning of the 20th century trees in the Amazon were protected as they were being used to produce rubber, a renewable resource. </td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">15.47</td><td width="132" valign="top">SYNC Dr. Colin Lewis, London School of Economics</td><td width="267" valign="top"> </td><td width="165" valign="top">What we see in Amazonia today is almost the rape of Amazonia, the felling of the forest, the extraction of minerals that lie underneath the soil 23.55</td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">15.59</td><td width="132" valign="top">Pollution/ tree felling</td><td width="267" valign="top">Extreme specialization in resource extraction can also create humanitarian emergencies, such as starvation and malnutrition. Clear-cutting, over-farming or other extractive activities cause land desertification and food scarcity.</td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">16.22</td><td width="132" valign="top">Dr Tim Johns, Hadley Center Climatologist </td><td width="267" valign="top"> </td><td width="165" valign="top">When we look at the results from this vegetation model for the 2050s, we see a rather dramatic change so that a large area of Amazonia is changed from the dark green rainforest into virtually desert - the grey area.</td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">16.40</td><td width="132" valign="top">Nigeria</td><td width="267" valign="top">But those who <del datetime="2006-01-17T12:33" cite="mailto:Films%20User">benefitting</del><ins datetime="2006-01-17T12:33" cite="mailto:Films%20User">benefit</ins> from a particular specialization often resist the redirection of funds towards other investments. </td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">16.50</td><td width="132" valign="top">Dr. Ali Shamsavari, Kingston University</td><td width="267" valign="top"> </td><td width="165" valign="top">Those are the situations where you either have a dictator or a corrupt government that uses resources, like oil, to basically bolster their own economic political power, rather than help their people.</td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">17.12</td><td width="132" valign="top">Angola oil shots/ IMF report</td><td width="267" valign="top">In some cases this wealth is hidden overseas, as happened in Angola. It's one of Africa's major oil producers - and oil accounts for more than 80% of its revenue. Despite these resources Angola is one of the world's poorest countries, with some of Africa's lowest life expectancy rates. According to an IMF report in 2002, during the previous five years $4 billion of Angola's oil revenue was unaccounted for.</td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">17.49</td><td width="132" valign="top">Rafael Marques, lawyer </td><td width="267" valign="top"> </td><td width="165" valign="top">For the majority of Angolans oil essentially is a curse - because people have never benefited from oil profits. Never.</td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">18.00</td><td width="132" valign="top">Mobutu's palaces   </td><td width="267" valign="top">In other cases resource-based revenue is spent lavishly at home on luxuries, or armies to protect those in power from others who would like to get their hands on this wealth. As a result many states have not developed economically - or politically - despite an abundance of resources. </td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">18.21</td><td width="132" valign="top"> DRC Cassiterite miners/ soldiers </td><td width="267" valign="top">The control over natural resources has played a central role in about a quarter of Africa's 50 or so civil and cross-border wars of recent years. The Democratic Republic of Congo also has a vast wealth of minerals, but mining and illegal smuggling have been used by both sides in the country's bloody civil war. One prized mineral is a red rock, cassiterite, better known as tin ore, the most traded metal on the London metal exchange. It's used for electronic circuit boards and prices have hit a ten year high. </td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">18.58</td><td width="132" valign="top">SYNC Kawaya Muhanga, cassiterite miner</td><td width="267" valign="top"> </td><td width="165" valign="top">As you crawl through the tiny hole, there's not enough space to dig properly and you get scraped all over. And then, when you do finally come back out with the cassiterite, the soldiers are waiting to grab it at gunpoint. Which means we have nothing to buy food with. </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">19.16</td><td width="132" valign="top">DRC fighting/ Mines </td><td width="267" valign="top">For the Congo, this unlawful extraction of its mineral wealth has actually undermined the state.</td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">19.23</td><td width="132" valign="top">SYNC Buta Muiso, DRC Government Mining Division</td><td width="267" valign="top"> </td><td width="165" valign="top">Security is not respected, we live in a state where only the fittest survive. Different armed groups do what they want with the population for their own ends. The state doesn't benefit at all.</td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">19.59</td><td width="132" valign="top">Cassiterite onto plane</td><td width="267" valign="top">When used wisely, resources can contribute to a healthy economy and society. But an abundance of natural resources is neither necessary nor sufficient to produce economic or political development, as shown by the experiences of both resource-rich and resource-poor countries - like Japan. But what does it mean to use resources wisely? </td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top"> </td><td width="132" valign="top">Fade to black & SUPER</td><td width="267" valign="top">Resources as Global Commons<ins datetime="2006-01-17T12:27" cite="mailto:Films%20User"> </ins></td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">20.39</td><td width="132" valign="top">Finite/renewable resources text "non-renewable resources/ sustainable development/ renewable resources"</td><td width="267" valign="top">The greatest concern about global resources is that there simply are not enough. Our finite or non-renewable resources are being used up. And it is politically difficult and costly to use our renewable resources in sustainable development. Estimates suggest that production of coal can continue for more than two centuries, but gas will last only until about 2055 and oil reserves may be depleted <ins datetime="2006-01-17T12:30" cite="mailto:Films%20User">by the year 2045.</ins><ins datetime="2006-01-17T12:31" cite="mailto:Films%20User"> </ins>Although these are only approximate, it's clear that non-renewable resources will one day run out. We need to shift to renewables.</td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">21.23</td><td width="132" valign="top">text "public goods"        text "Tragedy of the commons"  </td><td width="267" valign="top">Some forms of renewable resources, such as solar energy, have characteristics of so- called "public goods". This means that if one person uses, for example, the sun to obtain energy, it doesn't reduce any other person's ability to do the same. So there is no incentive for societies to fight over ownership. But the majority of renewable resources are not pure public goods, though they are wrongly treated as if they were. This problem is known as the "Tragedy of the Commons." Consider a communal meadow, which can provide grazing for a number of cows from each local farmer. But many farmers conclude that grazing just one more cow cannot significantly alter the burden on a meadow which already provides for so many. And in many cases, "just one more" cow on the meadow, fish from the sea, or tree from the forest does not matter.  But when an entire community acts as if their own behavior will not affect the whole, it does.</td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">22.25</td><td width="132" valign="top">SYNC Dr. Anthony Venables, London School of Economics</td><td width="267" valign="top"> </td><td width="165" valign="top">The best example of all is climate change, where we all get benefit of driving our cars, but the costs of global warming will affect future generations 06.14</td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">22.46</td><td width="132" valign="top">SYNC Mark Diesendorf, Energy Expert </td><td width="267" valign="top"> </td><td width="165" valign="top">When we use coal-fired electricity with all its huge environmental and health damages, there's nothing in the price of that electricity to compensate for the damage that is already being done.</td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">23.00</td><td width="132" valign="top">wetlands  </td><td width="267" valign="top">The natural environment has tremendous capacity to repair itself. Trees clean pollutants from the air, and large wetlands can turn wastewater into clean water. But renewable resources such as trees, water, soils, fish, fauna and wild-life, are renewable only so long as they are given the time and conditions to renew. </td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">23.25</td><td width="132" valign="top">Devastated Wetlands/ Underwater </td><td width="267" valign="top">Already, more than half the world's original forest and wetlands have been lost. At the current rate, one third of what is left will be gone by 2025. The ocean's supply of large fish has declined almost 90%, and many species become extinct every day. The 2005 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment concluded that 60% of the world's "ecosystem services" are being degraded or used unsustainably, including those we need most desperately, air and water. Clearly we are demanding more than even our renewable resources can supply.</td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">24.13</td><td width="132" valign="top">arctic warming </td><td width="267" valign="top">Unfortunately overcoming the tragedy of the commons is notoriously difficult. Actors disagree on who should reduce consumption and by how much. No one wants to take their cows off the meadow if others are not similarly required. The Kyoto Protocol  limits greenhouse gas emissions - which contribute to climate change. The US withdrew support for Kyoto, in part because China and India are excluded. </td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">24.47</td><td width="132" valign="top">SYNC Dana Rohrabacher, Republican Congressman  </td><td width="267" valign="top"> </td><td width="165" valign="top">They're not going to commit themselves to a treaty like happened in Kyoto which will in the end be a massive shift of wealth away from the western democracies over to countries like China and other developing countries.</td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">25.03</td><td width="132" valign="top">Vattenfall reactors at Ringhals on Sweden's west coast</td><td width="267" valign="top">Other countries are looking to nuclear power to combat climate change. With hydro and nuclear power providing 90% of its electricity, Sweden has one of the lowest per capita outputs of greenhouse gas in the developed world. But not everybody sees nuclear power as the solution.</td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">25.24</td><td width="132" valign="top">SYNC Marie Granlund, Swedish Member of Parliament</td><td width="267" valign="top"> </td><td width="165" valign="top">We have to have biomass, we have to have wind power, we have to have hydropower and so on, and of course the sun cells is very interesting. So long as you have nuclear power you don't look at anything else.</td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">25.50</td><td width="132" valign="top"> </td><td width="267" valign="top">Spent fuel from nuclear reactors will be toxic to the biosphere for at least 1,000 years. The Finns and Swedes are working on burying the waste in billion-year-old bedrock. But how many other nuclear nations will be so organized? Will China be? Will India?</td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">26.18</td><td width="132" valign="top">pollution</td><td width="267" valign="top">On the other hand, developing countries argue that the advanced industrialized countries were able to reap and plunder the earth on their path to prosperity. Sustainable practices are considered too expensive, and the enforcement of existing environmental laws too difficult.  </td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">26.45</td><td width="132" valign="top"> </td><td width="267" valign="top">Logging, for example, wreaks environmental devastation in the absence of effective government. The World Bank puts the illegal logging industry at between $10 and $15 billion a year. In Indonesia, custodian of one tenth of the worlds remaining rainforests, a massive 70% of logging is thought to be illegal.</td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">27.17</td><td width="132" valign="top">SYNC Faith Doherty, Environmental Investigation Agency </td><td width="267" valign="top"> </td><td width="165" valign="top">It's very easy to pay off the police, to pay off people within the forestry department, to pay off politicians, anybody. And in some cases, it's not the fault of those who are lower down, forestry officials or whatever. They're paid very little money. There's no incentive for them to enforce the law. </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">27.44</td><td width="132" valign="top">Children in playground/ land        text "global hectares"   text "carrying capacity" </td><td width="267" valign="top">As societies achieve higher standards of living, they have historically consumed greater resources per capita: they buy cars, build larger homes, and feed and dress their children more generously. So the average citizen in Britain or the US consumes many more resources than the average citizen of  Pakistan, Haiti or Chad. Economists have estimated that the amount of productive land required to sustain the average lifestyle is about 1.4 global hectares in Africa and over 9.5 in the US. Given these consumption patterns, and the extent of environmental damage already done, many have concluded that the planet has reached its carrying capacity - it simply cannot tolerate more people or more economic development. Yet we expect more of both.</td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">28.36</td><td width="132" valign="top">People</td><td width="267" valign="top">The population of the world is soaring. Although it took <ins datetime="2006-01-17T12:32" cite="mailto:Films%20User">untold </ins><del datetime="2006-01-17T12:32" cite="mailto:Films%20User">millions </del><ins datetime="2006-01-17T12:34" cite="mailto:Films%20User">millennia</ins><ins datetime="2006-01-17T12:32" cite="mailto:Films%20User"> </ins><del datetime="2006-01-17T12:32" cite="mailto:Films%20User">of years </del>for the world's population to reach one billion, the transition from 5 billion to 6 billion took about a decade. Around 95% of this population growth is taking place in the developing world. As a result, by 2025 almost 85% of the world's population is expected to be in less developed countries, where environmental degradation is rampant and sustainable development rare. How will the growing resource needs of these people be met? </td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top"> </td><td width="132" valign="top">Fade to black & SUPER</td><td width="267" valign="top">Resource Management - Vicious or Virtuous Circle?</td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">29.27</td><td width="132" valign="top">Archive clearcutting/ city skyline</td><td width="267" valign="top">The spread of industrialization since the late 1700s is generally viewed as the main cause of increased natural resource consumption and environmental degradation. Some argue we need to abandon the development agenda altogether, and massively reduce consumption. But others say we need economic development in order to manage our resources. </td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">29.54</td><td width="132" valign="top">SYNC Renato Ruggero, Former Director General, World Trade Organization</td><td width="267" valign="top"> </td><td width="165" valign="top">A new consensus is emerging, that trade liberalization and environmental protection are not only compatible goals, they must be two sides of the same strategy, to achieve sustainable development on a global scale.</td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">30.18</td><td width="132" valign="top">India water squabble</td><td width="267" valign="top">The World Bank has long argued that the alleviation of poverty is critical to sustainable development. The poor often have little choice but to use up nearby timber when desperate for fuel or shelter, despoil water supplies when overwhelmed by garbage and sewage, and exhaust the nutrients in soil because they have no fertilizer. The poor also tend to have far more children than the rich, so economic development is expected to reduce population growth and give people the luxury of being more environmentally responsible. A curve known as the Kuznets curve illustrates the growing environmental consciousness that comes with economic development.</td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">31.02</td><td width="132" valign="top">SYNC Dr. Anthony Venables, London School of Economics</td><td width="267" valign="top"> </td><td width="165" valign="top">There's an environmental Kuznets curve, so as countries start to develop so they develop industry and pollution tends to increase, but as they get richer their consumers tend to care about environmental quality more and so the government has more resources with which to tackle environmental degradation. 08.33</td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">31.22</td><td width="132" valign="top">Kuznets curve/Iceland scenes</td><td width="267" valign="top">The environmental Kuznets Curve shows that developing societies start to create less pollution once annual per capita income reaches the $ 5, 000- $8,000 mark. They start to shift from heavy industry to service industries and invest in less polluting technologies. So it is not surprising that Iceland, which plans to free itself from fossil fuels by 2020 and operated the world's first hydrogen buses, has one of the highest per-capita incomes in the world.</td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">32.12</td><td width="132" valign="top">SYNC Olafur Ragnar Grimsson, President of Iceland</td><td width="267" valign="top"> </td><td width="165" valign="top">If it comes together in a positive way we can show the rest of the world that it is indeed possible to have an entire society or city based comprehensively on a new kind of energy. Energy that doesn't threaten the life on earth, doesn't threaten the climate, and is friendly to the future of mankind.</td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">32.46</td><td width="132" valign="top">Industrial Revolution footage</td><td width="267" valign="top">During the industrial revolution, London, and New York were heavily polluted, but both have since been transformed.  Japan underwent a more recent transition, with pollution peaking in the 1960s and 70s. Japan is now a leader in green technology. </td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">33.09</td><td width="132" valign="top">China rubbish dump/ Yangtze river pollution/ </td><td width="267" valign="top">But that temporary hump of pollution must be kept as low as possible. China's massive environmental problems are the legacy of both the polluting heavy industries built in the 1950s and the last 20 years of rapid and often unregulated economic development. With 1.3 billion people, by 2020 China will have 140 million cars, even more than the United States. China is the world's second-largest producer of greenhouse gases and<ins datetime="2006-01-17T12:33" cite="mailto:Films%20User"> </ins>home to 16 of the planet's 20 most air-polluted cities, pollution said to cause <del datetime="2006-01-17T12:33" cite="mailto:Films%20User">mor</del><ins datetime="2006-01-17T12:33" cite="mailto:Films%20User">more</ins> than 400,000 premature deaths a year. China's rivers are ravaged by pollutants, waste and over-use, causing water shortages in many cities. </td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">34.00</td><td width="132" valign="top">SYNC Mrs. Chen, Shanghai slum dweller </td><td width="267" valign="top"> </td><td width="165" valign="top">They cut off my tap water, so we had a well dug. We can't afford bottled water. Life is so hard.</td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">34.31</td><td width="132" valign="top"> River Huai </td><td width="267" valign="top">But China can point to some successes in limiting the environmental costs of development. Although exempt from the Kyoto Protocol, it has improved energy efficiency by half since the 1980s, by switching from coal to gas. In the late 1990s it undertook a mass campaign to clean up the Huai River, closing 65,000 polluting enterprises; and China aims to build its first eco-city at Dongtan near Shanghai. China's experience highlights what many <del datetime="2006-01-17T12:33" cite="mailto:Films%20User">vew</del><ins datetime="2006-01-17T12:33" cite="mailto:Films%20User">view</ins> as the current best hope, that advanced industrialized countries will share their sustainable practices and resource-efficient technologies with the developing world. So everyone can achieve the same standards of living without retracing the same environmentally damaging steps.</td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top"> </td><td width="132" valign="top">Fade to black</td><td width="267" valign="top"> </td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign="top">35.44</td><td width="132" valign="top">Galapagos beauty shots</td><td width="267" valign="top">There is cause for optimism about international efforts to manage global resources. While compliance needs to be enforced, formal agreements exist concerning a wide range of resource issues, including the seas, biodiversity, forests and the ozone. There are nascent international norms regarding the importance of sustainable development.</td><td width="165" valign="top"> </td></tr><tr><td width="84" valign=&quo

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Film: Global Economics: Global Resources

http://www.journeyman.tv/film/3170

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