COMMENTATOR (COMM): Previously on Life
DAVID WILSON: Our consumers smoke because its something they like to do. Gives pleasure to many, many people around the world each day who choose to smoke
FAITH INERARITY: Capitalism must be guided by ethics, by morality, by care for the weak.
GASPAR RIVERA The question is, what kind of economic development are we pushing for Mexico? What are our needs?
COMM: Mary Chabala is a farmer in northern Zambia. Not long ago, she and her husband Barnabas were among the more prosperous farmers in their village. Now theyre destitute, victims of a plague that threatens to transform this part of the world. Like nearly 30 million others living in sub-Saharan Africa, Barnabas and Mary are infected with the HIV virus that causes AIDS. Theyre too sick to continue farming, the responsibility for growing food now rests with their 11-year-old son, Wisdom, and his young cousins orphaned by the AIDS pandemic. More than ever before, children are left to bear the weight of agriculture and, as a result, when a parent dies from AIDS, yields fall by up to 50 percent.
MARY CHABALA (TRANSLATION): When we were healthy, we used to grow a lot of crops and support many family members who came to live with us. But now, since weve been sick, things have become much more difficult. We had to sell everything we own to buy food and to pay for our medical expenses.
COMM: Across southern Africa, rain doesnt always fall where or when it should. And cycles of drought and crop failure, aggravated by poverty and ineffective government policies, have contributed to occasional food shortages. But now, with the number of HIV infections rising daily, there is a new and different food crisis on the horizon.
STEPHEN LEWIS, UN Special Envoy for HIV-AIDS in Africa: What everyone is observing now, is that even when you get some marginal recovery, because you get rains and the crops come and-and the landscape flourishes and there is food, nonetheless the families everywhere are ill.
GRAHAM FARMER, Southern Africa Emergency Coordinator, FAO: If you do the maths, one person is dying every four or five minutes from AIDS. So as you begin to add those figures up its, its impacting throughout society.
KAREL CALLENS, Nutrition Officer, FAO: In a country like Zambia nearly 80 percent of the population is involved in agriculture, very small-scale agriculture. So when you have these high prevalence rates of HIV, up to 20 percent and in some areas higher, of course it affects immediately the very food supply of these very people who are producing.
COMM: The highest rate of HIV infection is among young adults between the ages of 15 and 49. These are the agricultural workers whose small farms fed families and villages, and, when added together, entire countries. Since 1985, more than seven million farmers have died from AIDS in the worst hit regions, striking at the heart of agriculture. Although they once grew enough food to feed a household of ten people, now Barnabas and Mary cant even produce the foods they need for themselves. As their situation worsens and the amount they eat dwindles further, progression of the disease is accelerated.
KAREL CALLENS: When people are malnourished they dont have the strength to withstand infection, so through that the disease develops much easier, opportunistic infections come much faster, people cant recover easily so through that the full-blown AIDS is accelerated.
COMM: In Zambia, as with most African countries, there are few resources to treat AIDS patients. Barnabas has to travel 20 kilometres to reach the nearest health clinic, after Mary takes a sudden turn for the worse.
BARNABAS CHABALA: My wife has been sick, shes vomiting, starting from yesterday.
COMM: But all the clinic worker has to offer are basic medicines, like these salts meant to combat dehydration. Anti-retroviral drugs, which have transformed AIDS into a chronic condition in Western countries, arent available here. TEMBO MAKAMAKA, Clinical Officer: Weve been told about antiretroviral drugs and things like that but weve never handled them and weve never seen them, theyre in big towns. We dont have it here.
MARCELA VILLARREAL Chief, Population and Development Programme, FAO: In the rural areas it is unrealistic to think that we are going to be able to provide the drugs that are needed in the combination that is required with the monitoring - medical monitoring - that is needed to people who normally dont even have access to simple aspirin.
KAREL CALLENS: Food is the first medicine for people living with HIV/AIDS. And once people are properly fed then the AVR drugs can help them. When people have good nutrition, they can live longer, can live better and they can, through that, can also sustain their family much longer.
COMM: But food is also the only currency subsistence farmers have and the first thing sacrificed when someone is sick. When doctors could do nothing more to help Josephine Mwenya, she travelled 200 kilometres to seek the advice of this traditional healer. While herbal remedies can help with HIV-related infections, some less scrupulous healers exploit superstitions and despair. Looking into a mirror, this one tells Josephine he can see what ails her, as well as the enemy who has cursed her, both of which he can treat - for a price.
ANTONY MWENYA (TRANSLATION): Depending on what she is suffering from, we could pay over a hundred thousand kwacha. If he discovers that shes been bewitched, we will probably have to more than two hundred thousand kwacha.
INTERVIEWER: Does it mean you will have to sell all of your harvest to pay for the treatment?
ANTONY MWENYA (TRANSLATION): It will take more than that!
COMM: HIV-AIDS awareness is growing across Southern Africa. But as food shortages increase, many migrate in search of jobs. And the virus spreads.
STEPHEN LEWIS, UN Special Envoy for HIV-AIDS in Africa: Southern Africa is just a vortex of shifting people, - and on top of that, you have the cultural reality of gender inequality. Women have no capacity to say no to sexual overtures. They cant tell a man to wear a condom. They are - they are subject to predatory male sexual behaviour, inter-generational sex So these cultural attitudes are deeply, deeply entrenched and it takes time to change behaviour.
COMM: Women are the agricultural backbone of African society. Theyre also the population group with the highest incidence of HIV infections. Pauline Chasauka has recently been widowed. Gladys Mwaanga has also just lost her husband. Pauline and Gladys are two of five women who were married to the same man. Then, six months ago, he died. Of his five widows, one has died and two others have moved away, leaving Pauline and Gladys responsible for 15 children. All they have to eat are the foods they can grow. Staying on the land is essential to their survival. But in this part of southern Zambia, women cant inherit property - so the only way a widow can stay on the land is if she is inherited by a male member of her dead husbands family.
GREEN MUNKOMBWE, Nephew: Traditionally what used to happen was - like, for example, my uncle passed away. And then if I have to take over the family, together with the wives, then I have to marry, in fact. It was such that it was a marriage - you could even continue with the production of children, if you like. Yes!
COMM: Now AIDS is changing the way people think about this custom. Green Munkombwe has decided not to inherit his uncles widows, nor to take part in sexual cleansing, a practice involving sexual intercourse that is believed to break the bond between a widow and her dead spouses spirit. We have this pandemic disease and everybody now has known the consequence of that disease, such that we are not free. The only we can only go so far as to assist. But er, on marrying or taking over the marriage completely we cant go ahead with that one.
COMM: While changes like this can help stem transmission of the HIV virus, they can also leave women more vulnerable. In some communities, when a man dies, its customary for relatives to take what they want - even if that means leaving women and children destitute.
PAULINE CHASAUKA (TRANSLATION): We used to plough, from that tree up to the village. When my husband died, all the land was taken away. Some of his relatives came along and said they wanted to plough here, that it was their land and we had to stop using it.
RELATIVE (TRANSLATION): Since we are all of one family, me I dont feel there is anything wrong here. We are just sharing. We are not grabbing land. Its just the normal way.
GLADYS MWAANGA (TRANSLATION): They took many things from us. For example, they took our plough. It was the only one we had. So its become very difficult because we have nothing else to use and we have a large family to feed.
KAREL CALLENS, Nutrition Officer, FAO: HIV/AIDS is a disease and it has always been dealt with as a disease as such, so people are looking at ways of prevention, theyre looking at treatment. But very little attention has been paid to all of the food security aspects how people cope with the impact of the disease on their lives.
COMM: For a lot of women, coping can mean putting yourself at greater risk of being infected by the HIV virus.
MACY (TRANSLATION): If I find ten or more men who would like to sleep with me, that is a good day. If Im unlucky, there will be only one.
COMM: Since her parents death, 19-year-old Macy has worked as a prostitute to support two younger brothers.
MACY (TRANSLATION): If Im offered enough money, I wont use condoms, because what I need most is money.
MARCELA VILLARREAL Chief, Population and Development Programme, FAO: People who have access to food dont need to go out and sell their bodies to be able to eat. So, if women, if widows, if orphans have possibilities of getting food, possibilities of producing their own food or buying their own food, then they are not in the situation in having to engage in risky behaviour just to be able to eat. Food security in itself is a means of prevention.
COMM: One way to increase food security is to help people improve their crop yields - in spite of cycles of drought or labour shortages. Harriet Kalaula is a widow with eight children. Four years ago, she began using a simple technique known as conservation farming. Now she plants her maize in pits instead of conventional rows. And, as a result, she harvests a third more maize, using less costly fertilizers and less water. But techniques like this one are slow to take hold and, as another drought strangles crops in southern Zambia, AIDS households have one-third less income to cushion the blow.
HAMUSIMBI COILLARD, Farming Systems Association, Zambia: The moment you have a drought it means theres crop failure, so households will be seen selling livestock goats, chickens - to go and buy the food they needed. But now, because of the increased pressure as a result of HIV/AIDS, most money is needed to meet the health expenses and at times funeral expenses.
WOMAN FARMER: We dont know how were going to get by. Weve never seen a drought like this before. We cant plant enough and now it is the end of the season, so we dont know what we are going to do.
COMM: Many believe the real crisis is yet to come, when millions of children orphaned by AIDS take up their responsibilities as adults. In neighbouring Mozambique, the streets of Chimoio overflow with orphans. Some survive in small gangs, others are exploited as a cheap source of labour.
STEPHEN LEWIS: What do you when youve never had nurturing, love or affection growing up as a child because your parents have died when you were very young? What happens when you have your own children? How do you bring them up? What happens when youre bewildered and angry and enraged by the circumstances of life and you act out or you become delinquent? Fifteen or 20 years down the road, God alone knows the destabilizing effects of these kids.
COMM: Since his parents death, 14-year-old Sole has been responsible for his sister and two brothers. One of them, Elias, is just six years old. Providing care is something Sole is accustomed to he also nursed his parents before they died.
AMELIA GUSTAVO, Neighbour (TRANSLATION): First it was the father who was sick. He had a bad cough so we took him to the hospital. Then the mother started getting sick, she had the same symptoms. She went to a relatives home and soon after she died.
COMM: As terrible as its been, Soles battle with AIDS isnt over yet.
AMELIA GUSTAVO (TRANSLATION): Yes, of course, he has the same condition as his parents. Hes not been tested at the hospital but we are sure, since he has all the same symptoms. COMM: Chimoio is a community of 200,000 people. It also has one of the highest HIV infection rates in Mozambique, and every day, approximately 15 children are left orphaned. FAUSTINO MANUEL, Director, Kubatsirana (TRANSLATION): We were already working in the community with AIDS patients when it became clear that there was an even greater problem with the orphans they were leaving behind. We realized we had to change our approach. Until that moment, only church groups were getting involved. Now we needed help from the entire community.
COMM: Just as a crisis of this magnitude can pull communities apart, it can also bring them together. As the number of HIV infections escalated in Chimoio, Kubatsirana, an association of church groups, began mobilizing community support and recruiting volunteers. One of the first stumbling blocks was food - volunteers were often as poor as the people they were trying to help. So Kubatsirana began planting gardens, some growing food for widows, some for orphans, others, food for the volunteers themselves. One special garden was created for medicinal plants that AIDS patients could grow themselves and use to treat common AIDS-related conditions.
KAREL CALLENS: Governments and even international organizations havent been able to provide the kind of support that local people need. I think its important to realize that these local organizations are there, that they need support to do better, to expand their activities, to replicate it in other places.
COMM: Sole receives some food assistance from volunteers. Even so, he and his siblings are among the most vulnerable groups in society, with few opportunities to become self-supporting in the future. Like so many orphans, Soles parents died before they could pass on generations of knowledge about farming, crop varieties and tools. Multiplied by millions of AIDS orphans across southern Africa, its not hard to understand why the current food crisis wont go away when the rains finally come.
MARCELA VILLARREAL: Orphans that are being left behind dont have enough agricultural knowledge to be able to continue agricultural work and to produce food. Were looking at how knowledge that is kept, usually at the community level but is lost because parents are dying before they can transmit that knowledge to the children, can be kept and can be kept for future generations.
COMM: At the Mansa orphanage in Zambia, volunteers are working to change the future, to avert mass starvation by teaching orphans the skills their parents cant: how to grow food, the importance of working together, a sense of hope. Even so, with forecasts predicting 20 million AIDS orphans in Africa by the end of this decade, the challenges are daunting.
STEPHEN LEWIS: The United Nations family has to be vastly more mobilized than it is now. Because if ever theres been a test of truth for the United Nation, if ever there was a test for its entire rationale, its in the fact that a disease, which cant be cured, is wreaking havoc everywhere in all the countries, which are member nations of the United Nations, and those of us who serve those member countries have to give voice and expression to this monstrosity which would galvanize the world.
END
DAVID WILSON: Our consumers smoke because its something they like to do. Gives pleasure to many, many people around the world each day who choose to smoke
FAITH INERARITY: Capitalism must be guided by ethics, by morality, by care for the weak.
GASPAR RIVERA The question is, what kind of economic development are we pushing for Mexico? What are our needs?
COMM: Mary Chabala is a farmer in northern Zambia. Not long ago, she and her husband Barnabas were among the more prosperous farmers in their village. Now theyre destitute, victims of a plague that threatens to transform this part of the world. Like nearly 30 million others living in sub-Saharan Africa, Barnabas and Mary are infected with the HIV virus that causes AIDS. Theyre too sick to continue farming, the responsibility for growing food now rests with their 11-year-old son, Wisdom, and his young cousins orphaned by the AIDS pandemic. More than ever before, children are left to bear the weight of agriculture and, as a result, when a parent dies from AIDS, yields fall by up to 50 percent.
MARY CHABALA (TRANSLATION): When we were healthy, we used to grow a lot of crops and support many family members who came to live with us. But now, since weve been sick, things have become much more difficult. We had to sell everything we own to buy food and to pay for our medical expenses.
COMM: Across southern Africa, rain doesnt always fall where or when it should. And cycles of drought and crop failure, aggravated by poverty and ineffective government policies, have contributed to occasional food shortages. But now, with the number of HIV infections rising daily, there is a new and different food crisis on the horizon.
STEPHEN LEWIS, UN Special Envoy for HIV-AIDS in Africa: What everyone is observing now, is that even when you get some marginal recovery, because you get rains and the crops come and-and the landscape flourishes and there is food, nonetheless the families everywhere are ill.
GRAHAM FARMER, Southern Africa Emergency Coordinator, FAO: If you do the maths, one person is dying every four or five minutes from AIDS. So as you begin to add those figures up its, its impacting throughout society.
KAREL CALLENS, Nutrition Officer, FAO: In a country like Zambia nearly 80 percent of the population is involved in agriculture, very small-scale agriculture. So when you have these high prevalence rates of HIV, up to 20 percent and in some areas higher, of course it affects immediately the very food supply of these very people who are producing.
COMM: The highest rate of HIV infection is among young adults between the ages of 15 and 49. These are the agricultural workers whose small farms fed families and villages, and, when added together, entire countries. Since 1985, more than seven million farmers have died from AIDS in the worst hit regions, striking at the heart of agriculture. Although they once grew enough food to feed a household of ten people, now Barnabas and Mary cant even produce the foods they need for themselves. As their situation worsens and the amount they eat dwindles further, progression of the disease is accelerated.
KAREL CALLENS: When people are malnourished they dont have the strength to withstand infection, so through that the disease develops much easier, opportunistic infections come much faster, people cant recover easily so through that the full-blown AIDS is accelerated.
COMM: In Zambia, as with most African countries, there are few resources to treat AIDS patients. Barnabas has to travel 20 kilometres to reach the nearest health clinic, after Mary takes a sudden turn for the worse.
BARNABAS CHABALA: My wife has been sick, shes vomiting, starting from yesterday.
COMM: But all the clinic worker has to offer are basic medicines, like these salts meant to combat dehydration. Anti-retroviral drugs, which have transformed AIDS into a chronic condition in Western countries, arent available here. TEMBO MAKAMAKA, Clinical Officer: Weve been told about antiretroviral drugs and things like that but weve never handled them and weve never seen them, theyre in big towns. We dont have it here.
MARCELA VILLARREAL Chief, Population and Development Programme, FAO: In the rural areas it is unrealistic to think that we are going to be able to provide the drugs that are needed in the combination that is required with the monitoring - medical monitoring - that is needed to people who normally dont even have access to simple aspirin.
KAREL CALLENS: Food is the first medicine for people living with HIV/AIDS. And once people are properly fed then the AVR drugs can help them. When people have good nutrition, they can live longer, can live better and they can, through that, can also sustain their family much longer.
COMM: But food is also the only currency subsistence farmers have and the first thing sacrificed when someone is sick. When doctors could do nothing more to help Josephine Mwenya, she travelled 200 kilometres to seek the advice of this traditional healer. While herbal remedies can help with HIV-related infections, some less scrupulous healers exploit superstitions and despair. Looking into a mirror, this one tells Josephine he can see what ails her, as well as the enemy who has cursed her, both of which he can treat - for a price.
ANTONY MWENYA (TRANSLATION): Depending on what she is suffering from, we could pay over a hundred thousand kwacha. If he discovers that shes been bewitched, we will probably have to more than two hundred thousand kwacha.
INTERVIEWER: Does it mean you will have to sell all of your harvest to pay for the treatment?
ANTONY MWENYA (TRANSLATION): It will take more than that!
COMM: HIV-AIDS awareness is growing across Southern Africa. But as food shortages increase, many migrate in search of jobs. And the virus spreads.
STEPHEN LEWIS, UN Special Envoy for HIV-AIDS in Africa: Southern Africa is just a vortex of shifting people, - and on top of that, you have the cultural reality of gender inequality. Women have no capacity to say no to sexual overtures. They cant tell a man to wear a condom. They are - they are subject to predatory male sexual behaviour, inter-generational sex So these cultural attitudes are deeply, deeply entrenched and it takes time to change behaviour.
COMM: Women are the agricultural backbone of African society. Theyre also the population group with the highest incidence of HIV infections. Pauline Chasauka has recently been widowed. Gladys Mwaanga has also just lost her husband. Pauline and Gladys are two of five women who were married to the same man. Then, six months ago, he died. Of his five widows, one has died and two others have moved away, leaving Pauline and Gladys responsible for 15 children. All they have to eat are the foods they can grow. Staying on the land is essential to their survival. But in this part of southern Zambia, women cant inherit property - so the only way a widow can stay on the land is if she is inherited by a male member of her dead husbands family.
GREEN MUNKOMBWE, Nephew: Traditionally what used to happen was - like, for example, my uncle passed away. And then if I have to take over the family, together with the wives, then I have to marry, in fact. It was such that it was a marriage - you could even continue with the production of children, if you like. Yes!
COMM: Now AIDS is changing the way people think about this custom. Green Munkombwe has decided not to inherit his uncles widows, nor to take part in sexual cleansing, a practice involving sexual intercourse that is believed to break the bond between a widow and her dead spouses spirit. We have this pandemic disease and everybody now has known the consequence of that disease, such that we are not free. The only we can only go so far as to assist. But er, on marrying or taking over the marriage completely we cant go ahead with that one.
COMM: While changes like this can help stem transmission of the HIV virus, they can also leave women more vulnerable. In some communities, when a man dies, its customary for relatives to take what they want - even if that means leaving women and children destitute.
PAULINE CHASAUKA (TRANSLATION): We used to plough, from that tree up to the village. When my husband died, all the land was taken away. Some of his relatives came along and said they wanted to plough here, that it was their land and we had to stop using it.
RELATIVE (TRANSLATION): Since we are all of one family, me I dont feel there is anything wrong here. We are just sharing. We are not grabbing land. Its just the normal way.
GLADYS MWAANGA (TRANSLATION): They took many things from us. For example, they took our plough. It was the only one we had. So its become very difficult because we have nothing else to use and we have a large family to feed.
KAREL CALLENS, Nutrition Officer, FAO: HIV/AIDS is a disease and it has always been dealt with as a disease as such, so people are looking at ways of prevention, theyre looking at treatment. But very little attention has been paid to all of the food security aspects how people cope with the impact of the disease on their lives.
COMM: For a lot of women, coping can mean putting yourself at greater risk of being infected by the HIV virus.
MACY (TRANSLATION): If I find ten or more men who would like to sleep with me, that is a good day. If Im unlucky, there will be only one.
COMM: Since her parents death, 19-year-old Macy has worked as a prostitute to support two younger brothers.
MACY (TRANSLATION): If Im offered enough money, I wont use condoms, because what I need most is money.
MARCELA VILLARREAL Chief, Population and Development Programme, FAO: People who have access to food dont need to go out and sell their bodies to be able to eat. So, if women, if widows, if orphans have possibilities of getting food, possibilities of producing their own food or buying their own food, then they are not in the situation in having to engage in risky behaviour just to be able to eat. Food security in itself is a means of prevention.
COMM: One way to increase food security is to help people improve their crop yields - in spite of cycles of drought or labour shortages. Harriet Kalaula is a widow with eight children. Four years ago, she began using a simple technique known as conservation farming. Now she plants her maize in pits instead of conventional rows. And, as a result, she harvests a third more maize, using less costly fertilizers and less water. But techniques like this one are slow to take hold and, as another drought strangles crops in southern Zambia, AIDS households have one-third less income to cushion the blow.
HAMUSIMBI COILLARD, Farming Systems Association, Zambia: The moment you have a drought it means theres crop failure, so households will be seen selling livestock goats, chickens - to go and buy the food they needed. But now, because of the increased pressure as a result of HIV/AIDS, most money is needed to meet the health expenses and at times funeral expenses.
WOMAN FARMER: We dont know how were going to get by. Weve never seen a drought like this before. We cant plant enough and now it is the end of the season, so we dont know what we are going to do.
COMM: Many believe the real crisis is yet to come, when millions of children orphaned by AIDS take up their responsibilities as adults. In neighbouring Mozambique, the streets of Chimoio overflow with orphans. Some survive in small gangs, others are exploited as a cheap source of labour.
STEPHEN LEWIS: What do you when youve never had nurturing, love or affection growing up as a child because your parents have died when you were very young? What happens when you have your own children? How do you bring them up? What happens when youre bewildered and angry and enraged by the circumstances of life and you act out or you become delinquent? Fifteen or 20 years down the road, God alone knows the destabilizing effects of these kids.
COMM: Since his parents death, 14-year-old Sole has been responsible for his sister and two brothers. One of them, Elias, is just six years old. Providing care is something Sole is accustomed to he also nursed his parents before they died.
AMELIA GUSTAVO, Neighbour (TRANSLATION): First it was the father who was sick. He had a bad cough so we took him to the hospital. Then the mother started getting sick, she had the same symptoms. She went to a relatives home and soon after she died.
COMM: As terrible as its been, Soles battle with AIDS isnt over yet.
AMELIA GUSTAVO (TRANSLATION): Yes, of course, he has the same condition as his parents. Hes not been tested at the hospital but we are sure, since he has all the same symptoms. COMM: Chimoio is a community of 200,000 people. It also has one of the highest HIV infection rates in Mozambique, and every day, approximately 15 children are left orphaned. FAUSTINO MANUEL, Director, Kubatsirana (TRANSLATION): We were already working in the community with AIDS patients when it became clear that there was an even greater problem with the orphans they were leaving behind. We realized we had to change our approach. Until that moment, only church groups were getting involved. Now we needed help from the entire community.
COMM: Just as a crisis of this magnitude can pull communities apart, it can also bring them together. As the number of HIV infections escalated in Chimoio, Kubatsirana, an association of church groups, began mobilizing community support and recruiting volunteers. One of the first stumbling blocks was food - volunteers were often as poor as the people they were trying to help. So Kubatsirana began planting gardens, some growing food for widows, some for orphans, others, food for the volunteers themselves. One special garden was created for medicinal plants that AIDS patients could grow themselves and use to treat common AIDS-related conditions.
KAREL CALLENS: Governments and even international organizations havent been able to provide the kind of support that local people need. I think its important to realize that these local organizations are there, that they need support to do better, to expand their activities, to replicate it in other places.
COMM: Sole receives some food assistance from volunteers. Even so, he and his siblings are among the most vulnerable groups in society, with few opportunities to become self-supporting in the future. Like so many orphans, Soles parents died before they could pass on generations of knowledge about farming, crop varieties and tools. Multiplied by millions of AIDS orphans across southern Africa, its not hard to understand why the current food crisis wont go away when the rains finally come.
MARCELA VILLARREAL: Orphans that are being left behind dont have enough agricultural knowledge to be able to continue agricultural work and to produce food. Were looking at how knowledge that is kept, usually at the community level but is lost because parents are dying before they can transmit that knowledge to the children, can be kept and can be kept for future generations.
COMM: At the Mansa orphanage in Zambia, volunteers are working to change the future, to avert mass starvation by teaching orphans the skills their parents cant: how to grow food, the importance of working together, a sense of hope. Even so, with forecasts predicting 20 million AIDS orphans in Africa by the end of this decade, the challenges are daunting.
STEPHEN LEWIS: The United Nations family has to be vastly more mobilized than it is now. Because if ever theres been a test of truth for the United Nation, if ever there was a test for its entire rationale, its in the fact that a disease, which cant be cured, is wreaking havoc everywhere in all the countries, which are member nations of the United Nations, and those of us who serve those member countries have to give voice and expression to this monstrosity which would galvanize the world.
END