REPORTER: Kim Traill
TESAK, (Translation): These are hats of the people we beat up. This is from...a Rasta. This is a hat wogs from the Caucasus wear. And this is...a rapper's kind of hat. Rappers want to be monkeys. They dance to Negro music and so on. Here, this one's a very interesting hat. It's a Muslim cap. Muslims wear these hats, pray and do their weird stuff. "Allah Akbar" and all their daily prayers. Here, it's a tooth, it's a human toothcap. It's golden. He was unconscious and I wanted a souvenir. So we pulled out his tooth.

19-year-old Maksim lives with his mother in a relatively rich suburb of Moscow. He prefers to be called by his street name, Tesak, meaning hatchet. But he's no street drifter. He's studying architecture. Tesak says he chose the course because it's what Hitler studied.

TESAK, (Translation): They call us Nazis and Fascists but we're actually racists. Racism is a love of one's race, nothing more, nothing less. I, for one, don't see anything wrong with this.

Tesak is part of a rising phenomenon in modern Russia - a deep racism that is known as 'Russism'. Russists speak openly of the need to create an ethnically pure Russian state. And skinheads like Tesak are even prepared to kill for this ideology.

TESAK, (Translation): We must stand up proudly and say "We are Aryans" and kill all niggers and Chinese, Jews and wogs from the Caucasus. Just kill them all.

Tesak and his friend Vlad train daily in this basement gym so they'll be fit for their fights.

TESAK, (Translation): We're going to kill lots of people, because there are only 7% whites on the planet.

This intense racism has risen alarmingly since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Migrants from the newly independent states have flocked to Russian cities in search of work. Once they were all Soviet citizens. Now many Russians see them as illegal immigrants stealing their jobs. The most hated are darker-skinned people from Central Asia and the Caucasus region. Georgians, Armenians, Azeris and Chechens are all called Caucasians. In Russia, it's become a term of abuse.

TESAK, (Translation): People are glad when we beat up a wog. When we jump on his head and kick out his teeth they think "It's what I want to do, and they're doing it. Good lad. I'm afraid to join him, but I sure won't stop hom."

Tatiana Lokshina is the head of the Moscow-Helsinki Group, a human rights defence organisation. It recently published an extensive report into racially motivated violence.

TATIANA LOKSHINA, HEAD OF MOSCOW-HELSINKI GROUP: When you're talking about the problems of racism and nationalism in Russia today, the first thing that you've got to say is that these phenomena are unfortunately on the rise.

Many of Russia's new political parties are openly racist. Alexander Kuzmich Ivanov Sukharevsky is the leader of the People's National Party, a magnet for disillusioned young Russians.

ALEXANDER KUZMICH IVANOV SUKHAREVSKY: (Translation): Russian people always stand for justice. It's in their blood, in their mentality, as they say. Asians though, have no notion of justice. They are different, different wiring, different genes. God created them differently. For them the most important thing is to subjugate their neighbour, to beat him up, to become his master.

In a forest on the outskirts of Moscow, a group of his young followers gather for an initiation ceremony.

GIRL, (Translation): What does that mean?

BOY, (Translation): The cross? God supports us. The Powers on High are with us.

Sukharevsky claims he has 15,000 followers across Russia, but they look and act more like a bizarre religious cult than a political party.

LEADER, (Translation): Judge them in Your glory, give happiness to your warriors. Glory to God! Glory to our ancestors! Glory to our victory.

Wine, made from berries - grapes are only grown in the south - and traditional Russian food is blessed. One member even has his swastika blessed.
This may look like absurd nationalist posturing from a group of bitter youths, but Sukharevsky is tapping in to a real and widespread sense of hatred.

ALEXANDER KUZMICH IVANOV SUKHAREVSKY: (Translation): Jews and Muslims, our enemies, say this is a swastika. No, I say. This is more than one swastika. It is two swastikas, left and right. It is the cross of victory, of the final and total victory. Dignity, honour, pure blood, and propagandising the ideology of Russism, white supremacy in Europe and in the whole world. These are our tasks.

One of Sukharevsky's proteges, 18-year-old Ines, has been a member of the party for three years. Today he is being appointed head of the Moscow region.

ALEXANDER KUZMICH IVANOV SUKHAREVSKY: (Translation): Ines, you have already been a party member for a long time. You're an old comrade... So now you must also say it before your comrades.

INES, (Translation): True to the death.

ALEXANDER KUZMICH IVANOV SUKHAREVSKY: (Translation): Go back. Glory to Russia!

INES, (Translation): I hope, I'm certain, that we'll continue to grow, our People's National Party will grow. We will be recruiting actively. Our aim is to seize power, to take control of the Russian Federation. We're sick of putting up with the filth going on in our land.

Natalya Amirova knows the skinheads are not just mouthing empty rhetoric. 10 years ago, her family fled the war in Armenia to come to Moscow. She might be a bottle blonde and speak Russian, but to kids like Tesak and Ines, she is still a black from the Caucasus. Last July, Natalya's husband, Artur, was attacked and beaten by skinheads as he came out of a metro station.

NATALYA AMIROVA, (Translation): It was really frightening when he called on the 17th in the evening. He said, "I'm hurt, I'm filthy and covered in blood." I asked what had happened. He said, "Four or five guys...I can't recall. They were skinheads. I even wanted to show them my passport, that I'm a Muscovite. But they don't need to see it, they hit your face." 'Your face is dark, you're from the Caucasus... then you must be treated as a black.'

Artur's wounds were so serious that he died two days later in hospital.

NATALYA AMIROVA, (Translation): They smashed his forehead with a glass bottle. He also had broken ribs. He went to the hospital like that.

Natalya still lives with her son and daughter in one tiny room in a dilapidated apartment block on the edge of Moscow. She supports them by working as a hairdresser for other refugees.

NATALYA AMIROVA, (Translation): I don't want the kids to go further away where they could earn more money. Because that means going into town and I'd have to sit here every day and pray and see if he comes home alive or not.

A year before her husband was killed, her son Jan was also attacked by skinheads.

JAN, (Translation): The guy was drinking beer and then he hit me with a bottle. I'm lucky he didn't hit the eye. I have a scar here.

Jan now rarely leaves the flat. The only job he can find is packing bread into plastic bags in a nearby factory. Without official residency documents and with their Caucasian looks, accents and names, the Amirovas have no chance of finding decent work.

NATALYA AMIROVA, (Translation): All roads are closed for us. No green lights for us, only red. Nowadays quite often people just shun you. You come close to speak and they turn away. You know... You expect things from them. I don't know. You look at them and see death. You think, if they're here death must be here as well. And our government... probably it's them who support it.

TATIANA LOKSHINA: The Government has been playing with the xenophobic attitudes of the population for such a long time that nowadays the situation has simply got out of control. Naturally, with the terrible social and economic difficulties of the '90s, the state needed to divert the attention of the population to some enemy or another so that the state would not have to be blamed for everything. And that's how this hatred for persons from the Caucasus was born.

Sukharevsky's vision for Russia is not nearly extreme enough for some Russists. After an explosion in the party's headquarters six months ago, which nearly killed Sukharevsky, the party split into two factions. Tesak, who describes himself as a real skinhead, left to follow Sukharevsky's former deputy, who goes by the name of Buz. Seen here in a recent television interview, Buz condones the murders of non-ethnic Russians.

BUZ, (Translation): We do approve of these murders, they do good. Because in fact it's humanism... to kill several dozen enemies as fast away you can to teach them their place.

Tesak is now acting as Buz's spokesman. He played a prominent role in this TV report, broadcast earlier this year on the nightly current affairs show 'Vremechka'.

CURRENT AFFAIRS REPORTER, (Translation): Until Year 11 he had a name and a surname. Now he is just "Hatchet". Twenty skinheads are marching behind him now, but he represents several thousand young nationalists throughout the Moscow region.

The reporter made no criticism of the violence advocated by the skinheads, even broadcasting without qualification Tesak's claim that the police support their actions.

CURRENT AFFAIRS REPORTER, (Translation): Several times a year, they launch "operations" cleansing Moscow of foreigners. They claim the authorities like it.

TESAK, (Translation): Police sergeants and junior officers, they see you in the street and say "Skinheak? Carry on, mate. I'd do the same but I'm in uniform."

Natalya Amirova watched this report and was horrified.

NATALYA AMIROVA, (Translation): When I saw them on TV I became really nervous. Why are they showing this? Take an ordinary Russian kid from a normal well-to-do family - he'll find that group and join it. And he won't be alone.

While groups like the People's National Party are on the fringe of politics, mainstream parties are now embracing their nationalist ideology. Dimitri Rogozin heads Rodina, meaning motherland, one of the largest factions in the lower house of parliament, the Duma. In last December's Duma elections, Rodina won 15% of the votes. Many of his candidates were well-known anti-Semites. Rodina's message, shown here on his party's website, was clear. "Ethnic Russians should have more rights than other ethnic groups."

TATIANA LOKSHINA: For a lay person there is no such great difference between whatever is being said by Rogozin and whatever is being done by skinheads. The link is very close. We are talking about active racist propaganda.

But in an interview with Dateline, Rogozin made no mention of his nationalist ideology.

DIMITRI ROGOZIN, (Translation): So responsible politicians would never act in such a way as to pit Russians against Caucasians. We need new forms of relationships and a dialogue between national elites.

TATIANA LOKSHINA: When speaking to foreign journalists they usually try to behave, and Rogozin is relatively polished. But the messages he gives to domestic audiences are quite different.

Tesak is confident that at the next election his leader, Buz, will get even more votes than Rogozin.

TESAK, (Translation): We plan to take part in the elections as a party. I think we have a serious chance to make it because people know skinheads are serious.

Russia's skinheads are not only bored and disgruntled young, macho males. Lena is a 17-year-old law student. She is also an active member of the People's National Party.

LENA, (Translation): I decided to do everything in my power to save my nation. I am far from being indifferent to the fate of my country and the Russian people. I don't want my children when they grow up to become slaves to these black-arsed bastards.

Lena took her oath of lifelong allegiance to the party three years ago. She believes migrants from the Caucusus are taking the jobs of Russians, particularly in Moscow's produce markets.

LENA, (Translation): They have practically occupied all the trading areas in Moscow. They don't allow Russians to sell stuff. They have their own mafia, that does not allow Russian people to live a normal life in our own country.

This footage was taken by skinheads as they beat a market stall holder to death. Attacks are becoming increasingly frequent and deadly. In January this year, a group of teenage skinheads even beat a 9-year-old Tajik girl to death.

BOY, (Translation): She was lying about here. I came up and tried to lift her but she was already limp, in a bad way.

MOTHER, (Translation): I had two daughters, you see. The eldest one, take a look, she was like a doll. Why did they do it? They beat her father up, but why my daughter?

Because of the race element of the killing, Tesak and Lena are even prepared to justify this appalling crime.

TESAK, (Translation): She only would have grown up to sell drugs like her father, or cheat or beg or do some other shit. Nobody says "Don't kill a little rate, it's done nothing." It will when it grows up. Why not kill it while it's small?

LENA, (Translation): In fact, I was very happy that they killed her, though many ordinary people said that it was bestial. But as a result of them beating her up, her mother said she would never come to Russia again. There's a positive change. We have done something.

This truly frightening level of racial hatred has been further fuelled by the government's demonisation of the Chechen people to justify the war on Chechnya.

TATIANA LOKSHINA: Instead of trying to look into the problems, to solve those problems, they're actually playing the Chechen card. They make it sound as if the word Chechen rhymes with the word terrorist or bandit. This type of rhetoric actually influences public consciousness to a certain extent and if we are now looking for an enemy we are looking for a Caucasian.

Tesak openly accepts that his racist violence stems from his hatred of Chechens. Back in September 1999, his girlfriend died in an apartment bombing blamed by the government on Chechen separatists.

TESAK, (Translation): I was sure it was the Chechens. I hated them all, I wanted to kill them. I went into the street with a knife, I was still young. And I saw a group of people armed with metal rods... "Come with us, let's kill wogs." They were skinheads. I went with them, downed a wog and realised it was what I needed.

There is now a spiral of violence and inter-ethnic hostility. As the war in Chechnya continues, terrorist acts have been occurring more frequently in Russia. Within hours of each terrorist act, authorities announce that dark-skinned people, usually Chechens, were near the scene of the incident.

TESAK, (Translation): Right now our main helpers in starting a nationalist revolution are wogs, especially Chechens. They blow up houses, plant bombs in the metro and at the stadiums. That really helps us a lot. They turn people against them. Not just against Chechens, but against all wogs as such.

TV reports and polls constantly remind viewers that extreme views based on race are now in the majority.

NEWS REPORTER, (Translation): Our poll showed that 70% of Russians support the deportation of Caucasian people from large Russian towns.

NATALYA AMIROVA, (Translation): Nothing and nobody protects you here. In this country, nothing and nobody. And if a country doesn't care for its citizens, if it doesn't protect its citizens, what is awaiting it? Disintegration, that's all.


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