Hunting my Husband’s Killers - RT amended VO – September 27th 2004
Draft 2
Caption A woman’s journey into the heart of betrayal to find forgiveness and reconciliation
Caption This is Lesley’s Bilinda’s story
Music Music cue: Piano 1
VOLesley I think the thing that stands out for me more than anything about Charles was his outgoing, friendly, kind hearted, fun kind of nature.I met Charles when I was working as a nurse in Rwanda – he’d just become a local church pastor.We got married in Rwanda and wanted to spend the rest of our lives there together.I never would have thought it would only last a year.
Caption {over freeze-frame of Charles Bilinda}On April 21st, 1994 at the height of the Rwandan genocide, Charles Bilinda was abductedHe was never seen again
Caption {on black} Hunting My Husband’s Killers
Caption Edinburgh, March 2004
VO Nar. Its ten years since Charles Bilinda disappeared. His widow, Lesley, has decided to return to Rwanda – in the hope of finding his killers.
Caption Lesley Bilinda
Lesley {in vision} I just assumed it would be completely out of the question ever to trace the person – because hundreds of thousands of people disappeared without trace. But, more recently it has been coming to light, people have been discovering, people have been confessing and whatever
VO Narr The Rwandan genocide left around a million people dead. The massacre started when the majority Hutu population rose up against the minority Tutsi tribe. Neighbour slaughtered neighbour in a series of killings that lasted a hundred days.Few of the bodies have ever been identified – only a fraction of the killers have ever been tried; but in a new atmosphere of openness, some are coming forward to confess their crimes
Lesley So suddenly to realise – hey there is a possibility now has had to make me face something that I’ve never even thought about facing before.I think I have to forgive – because the alternative is to remain bitter and revengeful.Now I have the opportunity to say – ‘maybe there could be some resolution, maybe there could be some working out of this, of what’s been left undone.’ I don’t want to walk away from it
Music Music cue:
VONarr Lesley is heading out to Rwanda. Over the next three and a half weeks, she wants to talk to people who can shed light on her husband Charles’ deathGoing with her for moral support, is Sue, Lesley’s sister.
VOLesley I’m a whole jumble of emotions, terribly excited about being back in Rwanda again. I have in my head, and in my heart that I want to be able to offer forgiveness.I think my hope is that I will be able to track down who it was that killed Charles.
VONarr Lesley begins her search on the outskirts of Kigali, the country’s capital, where Charles sister, Apollonia, lives…
Lesley Is this – is this the right house is it. Yes, it must be surely {knocks on gate} We could maybe just go in – perhaps we should wait.
Sue Is that what you’d normally do?
Lesley It’s not normally locked – not normally shut
Lesley {door opens} Hi….{muffled greetings}Apollonia!
Apolonia Lesley! {muffled greetings}
VONarr Apollonia has been making local enquiries. She tells Lesley she’s visited the guesthouse where Charles spent his last night alive. She says a man called Pastor Kaberira who’s now in prison seems to have been with Charles, on the morning he was taken.
Lesley {translating direct} she says the story that Pastor Kaberira who’s in prison at the moment, and who was the secretary at the time says ‘oh well a car came in and they were really frightening us, and they said where is Pastor Bilinda?’ – that was the story he told
Music Music cue:
VONarr Lesley wants to meet Pastor Kaberira. To do so, she has to get permission from the Prison authorities. To her surprise, not only do they give her permission, they also agree to bring Pastor Kaberira to a rendezvous at the guesthouse, from where Charles disappeared.
Lesley Yeah – I’m ready. Very nervous I’m not looking forward to this.Never come face to face with a prisoner in my life before; far less a prisoner who’s a pastor{car door slams}I think I’ll just have a look again at some of the questions that I’d thought about – I think I just really need to ask him to …to …ask him to chat really. Let him talk as much as… just try and ask him questions that will… open questions that will let him talk.
Sue You can ask him some fairly safe ones to start with
Lesley {car sliding}If we get there at all! {laughs} Blimey – sliding all over the place
VO Narr Charles spent his last days in a guesthouse, owned and run by the local church in the southern city of Butare. A few days after he arrived a car turned up with a man in an army uniform. They demanded to see Charles, bundled him in the car and drove away. He was never seen again. Pastor Kaberira was in charge of the guesthouse. He arrives under armed guard. Lesley wants to know what Kabirera knows about the car that took Charles
{Kinyrwandan speech}
Lesley {translating direct} So, the car came down, it stopped outside there {points}, he said ‘ I didn’t see it there – it stopped outside the bishops house, then I saw it coming down here to the front of the guesthouse.’
Kabirera {Subtitled English, NATSOT Kinyrwandan} I think the car came in and stopped here, yeah, the car was here facing forwards.
Lesley {Subtitled English, NATSOT Kinyrwandan} Do you know why you are in prison?
Kaberira {Subtitled English, NATSOT Kinyrwandan} I have no idea
Lesley {Subtitled English, NATSOT Kinyrwandan}They haven’t charged you with anything
Kaberira {Subtitled English, NATSOT Kinyrwandan}The prosecutor hasn’t told me what I’m charged with – they haven’t said anything
Lesley {Subtitled English, NATSOT Kinyrwandan}What do you think?
Kabirera {laughs}{Subtitled English, NATSOT Kinyrwandan}I don’t know how to say thisLots of people have been locked up. Even if they haven’t committed a crime, they can be suspected
Lesley {In English to Sue} I said, ‘what surprises me is that nobody actually took him into his house – because you knew that he was one of those that were being hunted’ - he would have know that too.So why - it happened lots of places elsewhere that people took people into their house if they were being searched for. Why did nobody take him into their house - he said ‘ I don’t know if he asked for a room somewhere else, I don’t know if he asked Philippe for a room there, all I know is that he asked for a room here
Music Music cue: Africa Beatz Track 6: “Serengeti Bliss”
Lesley He…he has to go {goodbyes in Kinyrwandan}
Lesley {video diary}It’s intensely frustrating to think that this guy might have the key – the clues, the information that I need and he’s not giving it to me – and I cannot do anything about it. I can’t force it out of him.He didn’t give anything away in terms of any kind of remorse at all, when we talked. My gut feeling was not comfortable in his presence. Although we talked a lot about – ‘yes it’s important to tell the truth, and yes I will tell the truth, what else can I do – this is how I know it, this is how I see it.’ There wasn’t in the slightest bit of…sadness at what had happened – the loss of a colleague and a friend, the loss of a pastor in the church.
Music Music cue: Africa Beatz Track 6: “Serengeti Bliss”
VONarr Lesley is one of millions of grieving relatives who lost their loved ones in the genocide. She’s decided to visit one of the memorial sites to confront for herself the scale of the horror
Lesley {in vision} We’re going to Murambi which is one of the genocide sites which is very different from those that I’ve seen so far which have been concrete slabs and blocks and memorial sites – but this one is a much more graphic reminder as it is left as it was where the people died.
VOLesley I don’t want to go to Murambi – I’ve seen things on the TV and I couldn’t look at them because they are so sickening and because they bring back such strong memories for me.It’s something I have been afraid of doing
VO Narr The man who shows them around is one of the survivors of atrocities carried out on this very site. In these school buildings 50,000 people sought refuge from the Hutu Interahamwe rebels. They tried to defend themselves by throwing stones, but the rebels brought in more people with weapons and they were overpowered.
Lesley {in vision, direct translating} He was here with all his family, and 5 children; and out of 50,000 people, four people survivedThey shot him in the head, and they thought he was dead; they took of his clothes and everything to try and get anything valuable out of him.He crawled out from amongst the corpses at night time, and went and hid in the countryside there
VONarr Most of the corpses have long since been buried - but some have been kept as a reminder of the scale and brutality of what took place here.
Lesley Oh God…{cries}…God{Sue and Lesley confront preserved bodies}There’s somebody there with their hands together praying or pleadingThere’s a room down here with children…Oh Sue, just imagine if it had been your kids…I’m sorry – shouldn’t have said that.
Graphic Genocide Remembrance MarchButare, April 2004
NATSOT Music Recorded on location – artist unknown
VO Narr For five years, Lesley lived in Gahini, a village north east of Kigali. She wants to meet up with old friends to be back amongst those she loves…
Lesley Jemima, Jemimawe {greetings in Kinyrwandan}
Music Butare choir and NATSOT drums
Lesley Gahini is where Charles and I spent our married life together, its where I lived all the time I was in Rwanda. It’s like going back home for me, back to where I belonged.Because they are people I trust, it was Jemima and John I would turn to and say I can’t cope with this any more. They are not that different in age, but they were like parents to me really. And then also a year later when Charles and I were having a lot of difficulties in our marriage, it was Jemima and John that were…they were the ones who stuck by us, right through. There were so many others who were coming and telling us things and giving us advice and passing on rumours, that I just couldn’t trust anybody. But I’ve never doubted John and Jemima because I think their hearts are in the right place and always have been really
Lesley I remember the excitement of having our own home, our marital home, and being man and wife here in this house and, yeah I suppose this is what I had longed for and we had been planning for many monthsWell, it’s changed. It’s a completely different colour. I’ll have a deco through the bedroom.Its funny isn’t sounds … that door... I just remember that sound exactly. We had our bed over there by the wall. We had a wardrobe over in the corner and I caught a rat behind it once.And this was our spare bedroom in here. But this was sometimes were I came to sleep when I was so furious at Charles I wouldn’t sleep through there, or when he snored so much I couldn’t sleep. He was a terrible snorer. Even with ear plugs in it didn’t help very much.
Sue Did you have running water?
Lesley Ah, we did yeah, um, most of the time, from the tank outside.One thing I do remember very vividly about here though is… I remember standing here and having a cuddle and that was the last time we had any tenderness together; it just went wrong after that. Yeah right in this bathroom here.
Music Music cue: Piano refrain
VO Narr Charles worked for the local church. Lesley ran a community health project, with the relief charity Tearfund.One of her closest friends and colleagues was Anatolie. She too was killed during the genocide.Lesley sees a community leader who knows about killings in the area. He suggests meeting a local man who's confessed. He thinks he might have information about Anatolie’s death.
Lesley We are going to try and go into one of those rooms there and see, because there’s to many people following us around.
VO Narr His name is Gasto. He agrees to talk but only somewhere private. As they walk towards an empty a building nearby, Lesley recognises it as the very classroom that she’d taught in with Anatolie.
Lesley This is the primary school that we’ve got Dad video of. And we had a, that’s the board that I played the X and We game on. And in the corner was a small theatre that we did our puppet show about how to avoid AIDS, in this place. I meant we went to other schools as well, but this was one of them. It hasn’t been used for a while. {speaks to Gasto in Kinyrwandan} nagie gazo
VO Narr She wants to find out what he knows of the gang that murdered Anatollie
Gasto {speaks in Kinyrwandan}
Lesley translates So he said, to get to Anatolie’s house its very close to the village centre, so several of them went there and knocked on the door and she was behind in the house.
Gasto {speaks in Kinyrwandan}
Lesley translates She was in the kitchen at the back of the house, preparing for the evening meal. They said to her, where is your husband?
Narr VO It becomes clear, as they talk, that Gasto, was one of the gang members who killed her.
Gasto {speaks in Kinyrwandan}
Lesley translates She said I don’t know and Hinimana just sliced her neck.
Gasto {speaks in Kinyrwandan}
Lesleytranslates When they hit her she died immediately, but her child … they think, he thinks, that a machete sliced her fingers.
Lesley VO Part of me felt digust that he should be involved in it, part of me felt, I suppose pity for him.
Lesley {Subtitled English, NATSOT Kinyrwandan} Anatolie was a good friend of mine, a very good friend.When I heard about her death, I was in Kenya.I cried a lot, I was very, very upset, because she was a good person.If I say to you – because of the responsibility you had in her deathIf I say to you that I forgive you, how would you take it?
Gasto {Subtitled English, NATSOT Kinyrwandan}I confessed to everyone, I had responsibility in killingand Anatolie was one of them, so thank you for forgiving me.
Lesley translation He said now that you have forgiven me, I accept your forgiveness and I’m grateful, sort of thing.
Music Music cue: Piano refrain
VO Narr Anatolie is now buried in a field an unmarked grave.Knowing that killers are confessing to their part in the genocide, Lesley has renews her quest to discover more about Charles. She gets another lead of a woman, called Mauragatte –Jeanettee, who was with Charles during his last days at the guesthouse in Butare.
Lesley {greetings in Kinyrwandan} YUK! ( and rain noise )
VO Narr She wants to speak in private, to tell Lesley what she knows about Charles… but Lesley is shocked by what she hears.
Lesley I’m finding out a lot of stuff about Charles and his relationship with other people and I’ll explain more about that later.
Lesley {speaking in Kinyrwandan}
VO Narr Mauragatte says she knows that Charles had been having an affair with her friend Edissa
Lesley Jeanettee lived with the girl that Charles was too friendly with and so she saw him, coming down almost every night. I mean, it was the same house, a little house. It hurts and it make me feel stupid and, you know, I feel really stupid to know that everybody in Gahini knew what was going on and I really didn't.
Lesley {goodbyes in Kinyrwandan}This is what I suspected, but had just…
Sue Never wanted to believe
Lesley Yeah, I assumed …I had given him the benefit of the doubt.I guess I just need to get it into my head that he was not faithful to me. And that was that.
Music Music cue : Piano refrain
VO Narr Lesley returns to the Church in Kigali, where she and Charles were married.
Lesley VO I don’t think I’ve actually been back inside the church since we were married.I remember walking up the aisle and there just being masses and masses of people there.
Lesley Archive NATSOT (Lesley’s Marriage vows)To have and to hold, from this day forward, for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness and in health, to love, cherish and obey, till death do us part.
Lesley I remember looking at pictures afterwards as well, recognising people there. My in-laws were sitting just in the seat behind I think. And sitting very forward, in amongst the family and close friends was Edissa, the secretary of the school that Charles had had an affair with. And I remember thinking -‘what’s she doing sitting so far forward’. So often he was out in the evenings and I remember thinking … he was working hard, or it’s a cultural thing because men do their own thing and then don’t bother telling their wives and the wives have no right to ask. You know, I’m realising how much I was betrayed by him, and betrayal is the name of the game as far as … you know the whole situation here. And knowing how horrible that it, what a horrible experience not to be able to trust somebody. When you don’t know if what they are saying to you is the truth. It is so deeply disturbing to live in that kind of situation were you don’t know what is truth and what’s not.Oh well.
Lesley (Video Diary)I just want to go home now. I’ve had enough. And yet … and yet there’s worse to come. I know there’ll be more difficult things to come. And I also have to remind myself, that in amongst all the people who betrayed and deceived and let down there are good people, who are trustworthy and honourable … and truthful. And it’s people like that, that kind of restore my faith in humanity again and in the Rwandan people.
Music Butare choir
VO Narr After the genocide Lesley set up a trust in Charles memory to help local Rwandans. One of the projects helps support widows, who like her, lost their husbands in the genocide.
Lesley {greetings in Kinyrwandan}
VO Narr It’s a way for her to put something back into the country she loves - and offer new hope to people who are suffering.
Lesley This is a co-operative of widows and orphans, which has been started up to grow flowers and things, and these are geraniums, for essential oils, an essential oils project, which they’ll distill into essential oils and then sell. And these women are all working together on this project. They have a big piece of land that they’ve been growing geraniums on, some of it they’ve been growing maize and beans and selling them. And then they work together and share the profits for it.
Project Widow {speaking in Kinyrwandan}
Lesley translates A person was living on their own and they had lots of thoughts and memories of the war going on in their head, and you could get very, very discouraged by it and be in darkness and life was very hard and discouraging.So in the co-operative we come together and we share our thoughts and we pray together and you find that you are encouraged for one another and you find your strength is coming back again.Our sadness we’ve left it behind.
Lesley That’s what we need to do. Um, because its stays on your hands, if you just rub your hands on it.
VO Narr The Charles Bilinda Memorial Trust is run from Kigali by Nicolas Hitimana.
Nicolas (talks to Lesley in English) (The whole village will be covered in geraniums)
VO Narr Nicolas is a Hutu, the tribe responsible for much of the killings. But during the genocide he risked his life to protect his Tutsi wife, Elise.Now they’re working with both Hutu and Tutsi people - to help them come to terms with their experiences of the genocide and find reconciliation.
Nicolas Fear was there, and it was real. And actually to stand up for a Tutsi at that time was to sign your death. Anybody could kill you actually … buteven if I didn’t kill I didn’t speak out. I didn’t go in the village and saystop you are killing innocent people, I didn’t. So somehow… I am guilty.And I have to apologise and confess this and I think most Hutu people who are still in Rwanda are still struggling with this.
Elsie I think it was devilish, that’s all… and the devil covered the mind of people. People were not thinking any more.
Lesley Some of Charles’s family, Apollonie’s family, some of them were hidden by Hutu neighbours and survived. If they had been found the neighbours would have been killed as well. They did have the courage to do that.
NATSOT Singing and traffic
VO Narr Lesley still wants to find out what happened to Charles. With only a week to go Lesley is keen to find more witnesses who were at the Church guesthouse 10 years ago.
Lesley {speaking on the phone in Kinyrwandan}
VO Narr Outside the church, she meets a woman who knew Pastor Kaberira. She wants to know what he told Lesley, when they met last week.
Lesley translates {Lesley and lady speaking in Kinyrwandan}She’s asking what I asked Kaberira. What I asked him and I said, well we asked him lots of things. She says, because I lost my family and he has a responsibility in it. I live near here and he has a big responsibility in it. She said, he’s killed with his own hands, he’s killed people, we know.{greeting in Kinyrwandan}
VO Narr The Bishop’s wife was in her house on the Church compound the day Charles was taken. She sheltered some of her relatives there. Pastor Kaberira, who was working with the Bishop, persuaded her to let him take them to a so-called “safe place” - most of them were never seen again.
Bishops wife Pastor Kaberira said … ‘if you accept any relatives who come, you will be killed. My husband didn’t want them to go, me also. They went … Kaberira took them.
VO Narr Lesley then learns of a man who hid with his family in an outhouse near the Church. From their hiding place they could see Pastor Kaberira colluding with the Hutu Interahamwe rebels.
Pastor Ussiah and son {speaking in Kinyrwandan}
Lesley translates So they are just giving me names of various Interahamwe who were around at the time at the time. One of them, who was a leader with the Interahamwe was called Kazungo, and Pastor Uzziah saw him with Kaberira and he’s saying categorically Kaberira had guns and he was working with them.
Music Music Cue:
VO Narr Armed with this new information, Lesley requests another interview with Pastor Kaberira, this time in prison.
Lesley I don’t think I’ve every been inside a prison in my life before. have you?
Lesley {speaking in Kinyrwandan to Kaberira}People were being hunted down by the Interahamweand you were trying to help themnegotiating with the Interahamwe so they wouldn’t take them
Kaberira {speaking in Kinyrwandan }No, that’s not true. I never worked with the Interahamwe.
Lesley {speaking in Kinyrwandan }It was not just one person who accused you, it was many witnesses who didn’t know each other
Kaberira {speaking in Kinyrwandan }Yes, but although they were not together they can say anything they want.
Lesley translating People say all sorts of things but what I can tell you as a Pastor, I can only tell you the truth, that I did not go with the Interahamwe
Sue Why don’t you say that people who claim to be men of God are telling us all sorts of different things, so how can we take what you say.
Kaberira {speaking in Kinyrwandan }The truth comes from a person’s heart. I’m telling you the truth OK.If I had done it I would admit to it and ask for forgiveness.Those who have committed murder must have it weighing on their hearts. But for me, I know I have done nothing wrong and those people who say it, they are lying.
Lesley translates He is saying these people had the same story, I said but they didn’t know each other, they hadn’t work together. He says, all I can say is when it comes to the time of deciding I am not afraid because I have not done anything.
Lesley But it’s just the sense that people can say, with such conviction and certainty. You get lead down … and you sort of think, Oh, here’s a name, yes this person, everybody says this person, so we’ll go and check this person one and then…then you get another name and another name and each one leads you up a blind ally.You know, for 10 years you think I don’t really know what happened, but you have to get use to that, because you don’t have any choice. And then you think you’ve got your chance to find out but actually, you get to the stage when you think, I’m never gonna find this out so what’s the point.Who’d be a lawyer? They asked when we arrived at the prison is we were lawyers. (laughs) Yes, we are highly qualified, we’re extremely experienced and we know how to get the truth out of people.
VO Narr The Prison authorities allow a meeting with another inmate who’s known to be one of the Hutu Interahamwe leaders. He might know who took Charles away or who the car driver was. With only a couple of days to go, Lesley knows it’s her last chance to find out the truth.
Lesley {speaking in French }Someone suggested that I should question you because I know you were in charge of the region where the guesthouse is and maybe you might know who took Charles away in the car. I think you definitely know who drove the car, even if it wasn’t yourself.
Prisoner Modest {speaking in French }I understand
Lesley {speaking in French }So, have you seen this person?
Prsoner Modest {speaking in French } I don’t know him and I don’t know the car.There were several soldiers who were in charge of security for that area I was not part of that group. I worked in the camp. The others were outside in the diocese.
Lesley {speaking in French }So, you’re saying that you weren’t in the diocese?
Prisoner Modest {speaking in French }In the diocese you are talking about, there was a sergeant with, I think, three soldiers who were in charge of security of the Bishop
Lesley translates He was precise in saying that there was one person … one and three, under people, I don’t know, who were responsible for looking after the diocese, precisely one and three. So I said, so you would know who it was, and he said I couldn’t know who it was. Yet he was precise enough to know how many there were exactly.
Lesley {speaking in French }What do you have to lose if you admit that you took Charles, or you know who did? What do you have to lose?
Prisoner Modest {speaking in French }If I knew the truth, I would tell you the truth.
Lesley I think we have found our man, the one who was driving the car. It’s his attitude, his way of working his way around it, the smiles in the beginning.
Lesley {speaking in French }The people you took in order to kill where did you take them?
Prisoner Modest Which people?
Lesley {speaking in French }I think it’s you who took him - I would like to know where you took him.
Prisoner Modest {speaking in French }Which people do you mean?
Lesley {speaking in French }My Husband. All you have said to me, leads me to think that it was you who did it. And that’s why I asked you ‘what do you have to lose if you admit it.
Prisoner Modest {speaking in French }Hold on, hold on, time will tell you the truth whether it’s me or whether it’s another, but I’m telling you the truth, it was not me.
Lesley {speaking in French }If I have made a mistake, I must come back and ask for your forgiveness
Prisoner Modest {speaking in French }Yes, I know. I know you will come back. You will come back to ask me to forgive you, but if you don’t come back, you’ve got to know that your heart will hold your responsibility for such terrible behaviour. It’s a serious mistake.
Lesley {speaking in French }The problem is that I have been here for three weeks and all I have heard from people is lies, lies, lies lies. To know who is telling the truth is really difficult.
Prisoner Modest {speaking in French }Well just wait and see, time will tell I’ve told you the truth, that’s it.
VO Narr Lesley’s final day in Rwanda. With no more leads to follow, she revisits the room where Charles last stayed.
Lesley Number 9 I think. Oh here is it. It’s tiny.It’s a strange sense though, to think that this was his last place on the last day of his life probably. And like coming to see it on our last day of us being here, us flying off tomorrow and going way back to Britain and life carrying on, and for him it was life coming to an end.I suppose one thing that I’ve discovered on this trip is that … I was thinking of him being here, being bereft and on his own and terrified and at least I’ve discovered that he had friends around. He was down at Mauragatte’s house. It’s 10 years down the line you know, it’s a long time since it happened, but it was so enormous, that its not gonna be…grief doesn’t get resolved that quickly when its such a huge complex situation. And it’s kind of …made me face it again in all its horror. I suppose I have discovered that probably our marriage wouldn’t have worked, very likely our marriage wouldn’t have worked and that that would have been the end of it. And I suppose that in a strange kind of way lets me let go of the hope of what might have been, but now I realise that never would have been. Don’t feel like I need to come back here again.
Music Music cue: Butare choir
Lesley It’s just hard to walk away from it. Give me a hug
Graphic Over 80,000 prisoners remain untried in RwandaPastor Kaberira is still one of them
Lesley returned to the UK, and is now working at a college in EnglandThe person responsible for Charles’ death remains unknown
Credits Produced and directed by Jay Knox and Ray Tostevin
Director of photography Phil Knox
Edit facilities Purple Flame Media, Executive Editor Jeremy Higham
Administrator Angela Tostevin, Production co-ordinator Helen Stoddart
Location translation Gasangwa Jean Bosco
Archive footage Stanley Strachan and Owen DaviesDenis Luxen European Parliament Audio Visual Division
Media Supervisor Sylvie White (Tearfund)
Music Phil Knox, Butare Cathedral Choir, Location recordings (artist unknown)
Grateful thanks to :- Tearfund, The Souter Foundation, Archbishop of Rwanda, Emmanuel Kolini, Sue Rose, Elsie and Nicolas Hitimana, Apollonie and Faustin Bizimungu, The Charles Bilinda Memorial Trust
Logos Purple Flame Media and Grace Productions
End
Draft 2
Caption A woman’s journey into the heart of betrayal to find forgiveness and reconciliation
Caption This is Lesley’s Bilinda’s story
Music Music cue: Piano 1
VOLesley I think the thing that stands out for me more than anything about Charles was his outgoing, friendly, kind hearted, fun kind of nature.I met Charles when I was working as a nurse in Rwanda – he’d just become a local church pastor.We got married in Rwanda and wanted to spend the rest of our lives there together.I never would have thought it would only last a year.
Caption {over freeze-frame of Charles Bilinda}On April 21st, 1994 at the height of the Rwandan genocide, Charles Bilinda was abductedHe was never seen again
Caption {on black} Hunting My Husband’s Killers
Caption Edinburgh, March 2004
VO Nar. Its ten years since Charles Bilinda disappeared. His widow, Lesley, has decided to return to Rwanda – in the hope of finding his killers.
Caption Lesley Bilinda
Lesley {in vision} I just assumed it would be completely out of the question ever to trace the person – because hundreds of thousands of people disappeared without trace. But, more recently it has been coming to light, people have been discovering, people have been confessing and whatever
VO Narr The Rwandan genocide left around a million people dead. The massacre started when the majority Hutu population rose up against the minority Tutsi tribe. Neighbour slaughtered neighbour in a series of killings that lasted a hundred days.Few of the bodies have ever been identified – only a fraction of the killers have ever been tried; but in a new atmosphere of openness, some are coming forward to confess their crimes
Lesley So suddenly to realise – hey there is a possibility now has had to make me face something that I’ve never even thought about facing before.I think I have to forgive – because the alternative is to remain bitter and revengeful.Now I have the opportunity to say – ‘maybe there could be some resolution, maybe there could be some working out of this, of what’s been left undone.’ I don’t want to walk away from it
Music Music cue:
VONarr Lesley is heading out to Rwanda. Over the next three and a half weeks, she wants to talk to people who can shed light on her husband Charles’ deathGoing with her for moral support, is Sue, Lesley’s sister.
VOLesley I’m a whole jumble of emotions, terribly excited about being back in Rwanda again. I have in my head, and in my heart that I want to be able to offer forgiveness.I think my hope is that I will be able to track down who it was that killed Charles.
VONarr Lesley begins her search on the outskirts of Kigali, the country’s capital, where Charles sister, Apollonia, lives…
Lesley Is this – is this the right house is it. Yes, it must be surely {knocks on gate} We could maybe just go in – perhaps we should wait.
Sue Is that what you’d normally do?
Lesley It’s not normally locked – not normally shut
Lesley {door opens} Hi….{muffled greetings}Apollonia!
Apolonia Lesley! {muffled greetings}
VONarr Apollonia has been making local enquiries. She tells Lesley she’s visited the guesthouse where Charles spent his last night alive. She says a man called Pastor Kaberira who’s now in prison seems to have been with Charles, on the morning he was taken.
Lesley {translating direct} she says the story that Pastor Kaberira who’s in prison at the moment, and who was the secretary at the time says ‘oh well a car came in and they were really frightening us, and they said where is Pastor Bilinda?’ – that was the story he told
Music Music cue:
VONarr Lesley wants to meet Pastor Kaberira. To do so, she has to get permission from the Prison authorities. To her surprise, not only do they give her permission, they also agree to bring Pastor Kaberira to a rendezvous at the guesthouse, from where Charles disappeared.
Lesley Yeah – I’m ready. Very nervous I’m not looking forward to this.Never come face to face with a prisoner in my life before; far less a prisoner who’s a pastor{car door slams}I think I’ll just have a look again at some of the questions that I’d thought about – I think I just really need to ask him to …to …ask him to chat really. Let him talk as much as… just try and ask him questions that will… open questions that will let him talk.
Sue You can ask him some fairly safe ones to start with
Lesley {car sliding}If we get there at all! {laughs} Blimey – sliding all over the place
VO Narr Charles spent his last days in a guesthouse, owned and run by the local church in the southern city of Butare. A few days after he arrived a car turned up with a man in an army uniform. They demanded to see Charles, bundled him in the car and drove away. He was never seen again. Pastor Kaberira was in charge of the guesthouse. He arrives under armed guard. Lesley wants to know what Kabirera knows about the car that took Charles
{Kinyrwandan speech}
Lesley {translating direct} So, the car came down, it stopped outside there {points}, he said ‘ I didn’t see it there – it stopped outside the bishops house, then I saw it coming down here to the front of the guesthouse.’
Kabirera {Subtitled English, NATSOT Kinyrwandan} I think the car came in and stopped here, yeah, the car was here facing forwards.
Lesley {Subtitled English, NATSOT Kinyrwandan} Do you know why you are in prison?
Kaberira {Subtitled English, NATSOT Kinyrwandan} I have no idea
Lesley {Subtitled English, NATSOT Kinyrwandan}They haven’t charged you with anything
Kaberira {Subtitled English, NATSOT Kinyrwandan}The prosecutor hasn’t told me what I’m charged with – they haven’t said anything
Lesley {Subtitled English, NATSOT Kinyrwandan}What do you think?
Kabirera {laughs}{Subtitled English, NATSOT Kinyrwandan}I don’t know how to say thisLots of people have been locked up. Even if they haven’t committed a crime, they can be suspected
Lesley {In English to Sue} I said, ‘what surprises me is that nobody actually took him into his house – because you knew that he was one of those that were being hunted’ - he would have know that too.So why - it happened lots of places elsewhere that people took people into their house if they were being searched for. Why did nobody take him into their house - he said ‘ I don’t know if he asked for a room somewhere else, I don’t know if he asked Philippe for a room there, all I know is that he asked for a room here
Music Music cue: Africa Beatz Track 6: “Serengeti Bliss”
Lesley He…he has to go {goodbyes in Kinyrwandan}
Lesley {video diary}It’s intensely frustrating to think that this guy might have the key – the clues, the information that I need and he’s not giving it to me – and I cannot do anything about it. I can’t force it out of him.He didn’t give anything away in terms of any kind of remorse at all, when we talked. My gut feeling was not comfortable in his presence. Although we talked a lot about – ‘yes it’s important to tell the truth, and yes I will tell the truth, what else can I do – this is how I know it, this is how I see it.’ There wasn’t in the slightest bit of…sadness at what had happened – the loss of a colleague and a friend, the loss of a pastor in the church.
Music Music cue: Africa Beatz Track 6: “Serengeti Bliss”
VONarr Lesley is one of millions of grieving relatives who lost their loved ones in the genocide. She’s decided to visit one of the memorial sites to confront for herself the scale of the horror
Lesley {in vision} We’re going to Murambi which is one of the genocide sites which is very different from those that I’ve seen so far which have been concrete slabs and blocks and memorial sites – but this one is a much more graphic reminder as it is left as it was where the people died.
VOLesley I don’t want to go to Murambi – I’ve seen things on the TV and I couldn’t look at them because they are so sickening and because they bring back such strong memories for me.It’s something I have been afraid of doing
VO Narr The man who shows them around is one of the survivors of atrocities carried out on this very site. In these school buildings 50,000 people sought refuge from the Hutu Interahamwe rebels. They tried to defend themselves by throwing stones, but the rebels brought in more people with weapons and they were overpowered.
Lesley {in vision, direct translating} He was here with all his family, and 5 children; and out of 50,000 people, four people survivedThey shot him in the head, and they thought he was dead; they took of his clothes and everything to try and get anything valuable out of him.He crawled out from amongst the corpses at night time, and went and hid in the countryside there
VONarr Most of the corpses have long since been buried - but some have been kept as a reminder of the scale and brutality of what took place here.
Lesley Oh God…{cries}…God{Sue and Lesley confront preserved bodies}There’s somebody there with their hands together praying or pleadingThere’s a room down here with children…Oh Sue, just imagine if it had been your kids…I’m sorry – shouldn’t have said that.
Graphic Genocide Remembrance MarchButare, April 2004
NATSOT Music Recorded on location – artist unknown
VO Narr For five years, Lesley lived in Gahini, a village north east of Kigali. She wants to meet up with old friends to be back amongst those she loves…
Lesley Jemima, Jemimawe {greetings in Kinyrwandan}
Music Butare choir and NATSOT drums
Lesley Gahini is where Charles and I spent our married life together, its where I lived all the time I was in Rwanda. It’s like going back home for me, back to where I belonged.Because they are people I trust, it was Jemima and John I would turn to and say I can’t cope with this any more. They are not that different in age, but they were like parents to me really. And then also a year later when Charles and I were having a lot of difficulties in our marriage, it was Jemima and John that were…they were the ones who stuck by us, right through. There were so many others who were coming and telling us things and giving us advice and passing on rumours, that I just couldn’t trust anybody. But I’ve never doubted John and Jemima because I think their hearts are in the right place and always have been really
Lesley I remember the excitement of having our own home, our marital home, and being man and wife here in this house and, yeah I suppose this is what I had longed for and we had been planning for many monthsWell, it’s changed. It’s a completely different colour. I’ll have a deco through the bedroom.Its funny isn’t sounds … that door... I just remember that sound exactly. We had our bed over there by the wall. We had a wardrobe over in the corner and I caught a rat behind it once.And this was our spare bedroom in here. But this was sometimes were I came to sleep when I was so furious at Charles I wouldn’t sleep through there, or when he snored so much I couldn’t sleep. He was a terrible snorer. Even with ear plugs in it didn’t help very much.
Sue Did you have running water?
Lesley Ah, we did yeah, um, most of the time, from the tank outside.One thing I do remember very vividly about here though is… I remember standing here and having a cuddle and that was the last time we had any tenderness together; it just went wrong after that. Yeah right in this bathroom here.
Music Music cue: Piano refrain
VO Narr Charles worked for the local church. Lesley ran a community health project, with the relief charity Tearfund.One of her closest friends and colleagues was Anatolie. She too was killed during the genocide.Lesley sees a community leader who knows about killings in the area. He suggests meeting a local man who's confessed. He thinks he might have information about Anatolie’s death.
Lesley We are going to try and go into one of those rooms there and see, because there’s to many people following us around.
VO Narr His name is Gasto. He agrees to talk but only somewhere private. As they walk towards an empty a building nearby, Lesley recognises it as the very classroom that she’d taught in with Anatolie.
Lesley This is the primary school that we’ve got Dad video of. And we had a, that’s the board that I played the X and We game on. And in the corner was a small theatre that we did our puppet show about how to avoid AIDS, in this place. I meant we went to other schools as well, but this was one of them. It hasn’t been used for a while. {speaks to Gasto in Kinyrwandan} nagie gazo
VO Narr She wants to find out what he knows of the gang that murdered Anatollie
Gasto {speaks in Kinyrwandan}
Lesley translates So he said, to get to Anatolie’s house its very close to the village centre, so several of them went there and knocked on the door and she was behind in the house.
Gasto {speaks in Kinyrwandan}
Lesley translates She was in the kitchen at the back of the house, preparing for the evening meal. They said to her, where is your husband?
Narr VO It becomes clear, as they talk, that Gasto, was one of the gang members who killed her.
Gasto {speaks in Kinyrwandan}
Lesley translates She said I don’t know and Hinimana just sliced her neck.
Gasto {speaks in Kinyrwandan}
Lesleytranslates When they hit her she died immediately, but her child … they think, he thinks, that a machete sliced her fingers.
Lesley VO Part of me felt digust that he should be involved in it, part of me felt, I suppose pity for him.
Lesley {Subtitled English, NATSOT Kinyrwandan} Anatolie was a good friend of mine, a very good friend.When I heard about her death, I was in Kenya.I cried a lot, I was very, very upset, because she was a good person.If I say to you – because of the responsibility you had in her deathIf I say to you that I forgive you, how would you take it?
Gasto {Subtitled English, NATSOT Kinyrwandan}I confessed to everyone, I had responsibility in killingand Anatolie was one of them, so thank you for forgiving me.
Lesley translation He said now that you have forgiven me, I accept your forgiveness and I’m grateful, sort of thing.
Music Music cue: Piano refrain
VO Narr Anatolie is now buried in a field an unmarked grave.Knowing that killers are confessing to their part in the genocide, Lesley has renews her quest to discover more about Charles. She gets another lead of a woman, called Mauragatte –Jeanettee, who was with Charles during his last days at the guesthouse in Butare.
Lesley {greetings in Kinyrwandan} YUK! ( and rain noise )
VO Narr She wants to speak in private, to tell Lesley what she knows about Charles… but Lesley is shocked by what she hears.
Lesley I’m finding out a lot of stuff about Charles and his relationship with other people and I’ll explain more about that later.
Lesley {speaking in Kinyrwandan}
VO Narr Mauragatte says she knows that Charles had been having an affair with her friend Edissa
Lesley Jeanettee lived with the girl that Charles was too friendly with and so she saw him, coming down almost every night. I mean, it was the same house, a little house. It hurts and it make me feel stupid and, you know, I feel really stupid to know that everybody in Gahini knew what was going on and I really didn't.
Lesley {goodbyes in Kinyrwandan}This is what I suspected, but had just…
Sue Never wanted to believe
Lesley Yeah, I assumed …I had given him the benefit of the doubt.I guess I just need to get it into my head that he was not faithful to me. And that was that.
Music Music cue : Piano refrain
VO Narr Lesley returns to the Church in Kigali, where she and Charles were married.
Lesley VO I don’t think I’ve actually been back inside the church since we were married.I remember walking up the aisle and there just being masses and masses of people there.
Lesley Archive NATSOT (Lesley’s Marriage vows)To have and to hold, from this day forward, for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness and in health, to love, cherish and obey, till death do us part.
Lesley I remember looking at pictures afterwards as well, recognising people there. My in-laws were sitting just in the seat behind I think. And sitting very forward, in amongst the family and close friends was Edissa, the secretary of the school that Charles had had an affair with. And I remember thinking -‘what’s she doing sitting so far forward’. So often he was out in the evenings and I remember thinking … he was working hard, or it’s a cultural thing because men do their own thing and then don’t bother telling their wives and the wives have no right to ask. You know, I’m realising how much I was betrayed by him, and betrayal is the name of the game as far as … you know the whole situation here. And knowing how horrible that it, what a horrible experience not to be able to trust somebody. When you don’t know if what they are saying to you is the truth. It is so deeply disturbing to live in that kind of situation were you don’t know what is truth and what’s not.Oh well.
Lesley (Video Diary)I just want to go home now. I’ve had enough. And yet … and yet there’s worse to come. I know there’ll be more difficult things to come. And I also have to remind myself, that in amongst all the people who betrayed and deceived and let down there are good people, who are trustworthy and honourable … and truthful. And it’s people like that, that kind of restore my faith in humanity again and in the Rwandan people.
Music Butare choir
VO Narr After the genocide Lesley set up a trust in Charles memory to help local Rwandans. One of the projects helps support widows, who like her, lost their husbands in the genocide.
Lesley {greetings in Kinyrwandan}
VO Narr It’s a way for her to put something back into the country she loves - and offer new hope to people who are suffering.
Lesley This is a co-operative of widows and orphans, which has been started up to grow flowers and things, and these are geraniums, for essential oils, an essential oils project, which they’ll distill into essential oils and then sell. And these women are all working together on this project. They have a big piece of land that they’ve been growing geraniums on, some of it they’ve been growing maize and beans and selling them. And then they work together and share the profits for it.
Project Widow {speaking in Kinyrwandan}
Lesley translates A person was living on their own and they had lots of thoughts and memories of the war going on in their head, and you could get very, very discouraged by it and be in darkness and life was very hard and discouraging.So in the co-operative we come together and we share our thoughts and we pray together and you find that you are encouraged for one another and you find your strength is coming back again.Our sadness we’ve left it behind.
Lesley That’s what we need to do. Um, because its stays on your hands, if you just rub your hands on it.
VO Narr The Charles Bilinda Memorial Trust is run from Kigali by Nicolas Hitimana.
Nicolas (talks to Lesley in English) (The whole village will be covered in geraniums)
VO Narr Nicolas is a Hutu, the tribe responsible for much of the killings. But during the genocide he risked his life to protect his Tutsi wife, Elise.Now they’re working with both Hutu and Tutsi people - to help them come to terms with their experiences of the genocide and find reconciliation.
Nicolas Fear was there, and it was real. And actually to stand up for a Tutsi at that time was to sign your death. Anybody could kill you actually … buteven if I didn’t kill I didn’t speak out. I didn’t go in the village and saystop you are killing innocent people, I didn’t. So somehow… I am guilty.And I have to apologise and confess this and I think most Hutu people who are still in Rwanda are still struggling with this.
Elsie I think it was devilish, that’s all… and the devil covered the mind of people. People were not thinking any more.
Lesley Some of Charles’s family, Apollonie’s family, some of them were hidden by Hutu neighbours and survived. If they had been found the neighbours would have been killed as well. They did have the courage to do that.
NATSOT Singing and traffic
VO Narr Lesley still wants to find out what happened to Charles. With only a week to go Lesley is keen to find more witnesses who were at the Church guesthouse 10 years ago.
Lesley {speaking on the phone in Kinyrwandan}
VO Narr Outside the church, she meets a woman who knew Pastor Kaberira. She wants to know what he told Lesley, when they met last week.
Lesley translates {Lesley and lady speaking in Kinyrwandan}She’s asking what I asked Kaberira. What I asked him and I said, well we asked him lots of things. She says, because I lost my family and he has a responsibility in it. I live near here and he has a big responsibility in it. She said, he’s killed with his own hands, he’s killed people, we know.{greeting in Kinyrwandan}
VO Narr The Bishop’s wife was in her house on the Church compound the day Charles was taken. She sheltered some of her relatives there. Pastor Kaberira, who was working with the Bishop, persuaded her to let him take them to a so-called “safe place” - most of them were never seen again.
Bishops wife Pastor Kaberira said … ‘if you accept any relatives who come, you will be killed. My husband didn’t want them to go, me also. They went … Kaberira took them.
VO Narr Lesley then learns of a man who hid with his family in an outhouse near the Church. From their hiding place they could see Pastor Kaberira colluding with the Hutu Interahamwe rebels.
Pastor Ussiah and son {speaking in Kinyrwandan}
Lesley translates So they are just giving me names of various Interahamwe who were around at the time at the time. One of them, who was a leader with the Interahamwe was called Kazungo, and Pastor Uzziah saw him with Kaberira and he’s saying categorically Kaberira had guns and he was working with them.
Music Music Cue:
VO Narr Armed with this new information, Lesley requests another interview with Pastor Kaberira, this time in prison.
Lesley I don’t think I’ve every been inside a prison in my life before. have you?
Lesley {speaking in Kinyrwandan to Kaberira}People were being hunted down by the Interahamweand you were trying to help themnegotiating with the Interahamwe so they wouldn’t take them
Kaberira {speaking in Kinyrwandan }No, that’s not true. I never worked with the Interahamwe.
Lesley {speaking in Kinyrwandan }It was not just one person who accused you, it was many witnesses who didn’t know each other
Kaberira {speaking in Kinyrwandan }Yes, but although they were not together they can say anything they want.
Lesley translating People say all sorts of things but what I can tell you as a Pastor, I can only tell you the truth, that I did not go with the Interahamwe
Sue Why don’t you say that people who claim to be men of God are telling us all sorts of different things, so how can we take what you say.
Kaberira {speaking in Kinyrwandan }The truth comes from a person’s heart. I’m telling you the truth OK.If I had done it I would admit to it and ask for forgiveness.Those who have committed murder must have it weighing on their hearts. But for me, I know I have done nothing wrong and those people who say it, they are lying.
Lesley translates He is saying these people had the same story, I said but they didn’t know each other, they hadn’t work together. He says, all I can say is when it comes to the time of deciding I am not afraid because I have not done anything.
Lesley But it’s just the sense that people can say, with such conviction and certainty. You get lead down … and you sort of think, Oh, here’s a name, yes this person, everybody says this person, so we’ll go and check this person one and then…then you get another name and another name and each one leads you up a blind ally.You know, for 10 years you think I don’t really know what happened, but you have to get use to that, because you don’t have any choice. And then you think you’ve got your chance to find out but actually, you get to the stage when you think, I’m never gonna find this out so what’s the point.Who’d be a lawyer? They asked when we arrived at the prison is we were lawyers. (laughs) Yes, we are highly qualified, we’re extremely experienced and we know how to get the truth out of people.
VO Narr The Prison authorities allow a meeting with another inmate who’s known to be one of the Hutu Interahamwe leaders. He might know who took Charles away or who the car driver was. With only a couple of days to go, Lesley knows it’s her last chance to find out the truth.
Lesley {speaking in French }Someone suggested that I should question you because I know you were in charge of the region where the guesthouse is and maybe you might know who took Charles away in the car. I think you definitely know who drove the car, even if it wasn’t yourself.
Prisoner Modest {speaking in French }I understand
Lesley {speaking in French }So, have you seen this person?
Prsoner Modest {speaking in French } I don’t know him and I don’t know the car.There were several soldiers who were in charge of security for that area I was not part of that group. I worked in the camp. The others were outside in the diocese.
Lesley {speaking in French }So, you’re saying that you weren’t in the diocese?
Prisoner Modest {speaking in French }In the diocese you are talking about, there was a sergeant with, I think, three soldiers who were in charge of security of the Bishop
Lesley translates He was precise in saying that there was one person … one and three, under people, I don’t know, who were responsible for looking after the diocese, precisely one and three. So I said, so you would know who it was, and he said I couldn’t know who it was. Yet he was precise enough to know how many there were exactly.
Lesley {speaking in French }What do you have to lose if you admit that you took Charles, or you know who did? What do you have to lose?
Prisoner Modest {speaking in French }If I knew the truth, I would tell you the truth.
Lesley I think we have found our man, the one who was driving the car. It’s his attitude, his way of working his way around it, the smiles in the beginning.
Lesley {speaking in French }The people you took in order to kill where did you take them?
Prisoner Modest Which people?
Lesley {speaking in French }I think it’s you who took him - I would like to know where you took him.
Prisoner Modest {speaking in French }Which people do you mean?
Lesley {speaking in French }My Husband. All you have said to me, leads me to think that it was you who did it. And that’s why I asked you ‘what do you have to lose if you admit it.
Prisoner Modest {speaking in French }Hold on, hold on, time will tell you the truth whether it’s me or whether it’s another, but I’m telling you the truth, it was not me.
Lesley {speaking in French }If I have made a mistake, I must come back and ask for your forgiveness
Prisoner Modest {speaking in French }Yes, I know. I know you will come back. You will come back to ask me to forgive you, but if you don’t come back, you’ve got to know that your heart will hold your responsibility for such terrible behaviour. It’s a serious mistake.
Lesley {speaking in French }The problem is that I have been here for three weeks and all I have heard from people is lies, lies, lies lies. To know who is telling the truth is really difficult.
Prisoner Modest {speaking in French }Well just wait and see, time will tell I’ve told you the truth, that’s it.
VO Narr Lesley’s final day in Rwanda. With no more leads to follow, she revisits the room where Charles last stayed.
Lesley Number 9 I think. Oh here is it. It’s tiny.It’s a strange sense though, to think that this was his last place on the last day of his life probably. And like coming to see it on our last day of us being here, us flying off tomorrow and going way back to Britain and life carrying on, and for him it was life coming to an end.I suppose one thing that I’ve discovered on this trip is that … I was thinking of him being here, being bereft and on his own and terrified and at least I’ve discovered that he had friends around. He was down at Mauragatte’s house. It’s 10 years down the line you know, it’s a long time since it happened, but it was so enormous, that its not gonna be…grief doesn’t get resolved that quickly when its such a huge complex situation. And it’s kind of …made me face it again in all its horror. I suppose I have discovered that probably our marriage wouldn’t have worked, very likely our marriage wouldn’t have worked and that that would have been the end of it. And I suppose that in a strange kind of way lets me let go of the hope of what might have been, but now I realise that never would have been. Don’t feel like I need to come back here again.
Music Music cue: Butare choir
Lesley It’s just hard to walk away from it. Give me a hug
Graphic Over 80,000 prisoners remain untried in RwandaPastor Kaberira is still one of them
Lesley returned to the UK, and is now working at a college in EnglandThe person responsible for Charles’ death remains unknown
Credits Produced and directed by Jay Knox and Ray Tostevin
Director of photography Phil Knox
Edit facilities Purple Flame Media, Executive Editor Jeremy Higham
Administrator Angela Tostevin, Production co-ordinator Helen Stoddart
Location translation Gasangwa Jean Bosco
Archive footage Stanley Strachan and Owen DaviesDenis Luxen European Parliament Audio Visual Division
Media Supervisor Sylvie White (Tearfund)
Music Phil Knox, Butare Cathedral Choir, Location recordings (artist unknown)
Grateful thanks to :- Tearfund, The Souter Foundation, Archbishop of Rwanda, Emmanuel Kolini, Sue Rose, Elsie and Nicolas Hitimana, Apollonie and Faustin Bizimungu, The Charles Bilinda Memorial Trust
Logos Purple Flame Media and Grace Productions
End