| TIMECODE IN | DIALOGUE | TIMECODE OUT | NOTE (e.g. V.O., Music Lyric) |
| 00:00:00:13 | I shall largely speak of mice, but my thoughts are on man, on healing, on life and its evolution. | 00:00:08:24 | Onscreen quote |
| 00:00:10:03 | Two and a half years ago we found Dr. John Calhoun knee deep in mice | Time-Life V.O. | |
| 00:00:14:12 | in the mouse heaven he designed for the National Institute of Mental Health near Washington. | ||
| 00:00:20:00 | Dr. Calhoun wanted to find out what would happen to a mouse colony | ||
| 00:00:24:00 | given everything mice need except living space. | ||
| 00:00:27:09 | He builds an enclosure, which he calls a rodent universe, in a disused barn. | Jon Adams | |
| 00:00:33:10 | I don't know if you've ever been anywhere where there was | Cat Calhoun | |
| 00:00:36:07 | a lot of rodents | ||
| 00:00:37:23 | in an enclosed space | ||
| 00:00:40:22 | but it's real heavy on the rodent smell. | ||
| 00:00:44:20 | When you came up the stairs it was just their office area | ||
| 00:00:48:22 | which I remember as being rather cramped | ||
| 00:00:51:07 | and, y'know, | ||
| 00:00:53:06 | just desks and file cabinets and stuff | ||
| 00:00:56:01 | and then you open the door into the main area. | ||
| 00:00:59:01 | So there was a glass observation window for each of the | ||
| 00:01:02:07 | little mini rooms | ||
| 00:01:04:02 | so you could go up the stairs | ||
| 00:01:06:14 | and lie down on the roof and watch the rats from above, | ||
| 00:01:09:15 | which was fun. | ||
| 00:01:11:05 | He put rats into this enclosure, which was effectively four separate pens. | Jon Adams | |
| 00:01:16:10 | He wanted to control space, to control the ways in which the rats accessed one another, | ||
| 00:01:20:16 | the way in which they would bump into each other. | 00:01:22:22 | |
| 00:01:23:18 | No jumper connects pens one and four. | John B. Calhoun V.O. | |
| 00:01:28:15 | Therefore, there are two end pens | ||
| 00:01:31:24 | and two centre pens; two and three. | ||
| 00:01:35:19 | He supplies ample bedding, he supplies ample food, he supplies ample water. | Jon Adams | |
| 00:01:40:18 | These rats want for nothing. | ||
| 00:01:42:13 | The rat population started to grow. | Desmond Morris | |
| 00:01:45:08 | Now, in the wild it would have spread out | ||
| 00:01:47:20 | or there would have been predators present | ||
| 00:01:49:18 | but here there were no predators | ||
| 00:01:51:09 | and no possibility of spreading out. | ||
| 00:01:54:11 | There's a number of ways in which the way that he sets his experiments up | Jon Adams | |
| 00:01:58:16 | lends themselves to being applied quite easily | ||
| 00:02:00:30 | to the urban situation. | ||
| 00:02:03:16 | He was creating essentially an urban environment for his rats, it was like rat city. | Desmond Morris | |
| 00:02:09:16 | They reached a point after a given number of doublings in which behaviour began to change radically. | Bill Rees | |
| 00:02:15:21 | This is where the experiments really get pretty interesting. | 00:02:18:22 | Jon Adams |
| 00:02:25:03 | Like you I live in a world filled with other people. | Mike Freedman V.O. | |
| 00:02:29:00 | It seems impossible to find a place on Earth untouched by human hands. | ||
| 00:02:34:05 | How does this human world affect us? | ||
| 00:02:37:08 | How did we get here and where are we going? | 00:02:41:20 | |
| 00:03:06:05 | As with any story it's best to begin at the beginning | 00:03:09:00 | Mike Freedman V.O. |
| 00:03:09:11 | In this 16 cell mouse habitat, utopian conditions of nutrition, comfort and housing were provided | EB V.O. | |
| 00:03:16:22 | for a potential population of over 3000 mice. | ||
| 00:03:21:00 | The mouse universe simulated the present situation of the continually expanding population of humans. | ||
| 00:03:28:22 | Human beings evolved as tribal animals, living in small groups of maybe 100 to 200 individuals. | Desmond Morris | |
| 00:03:36:21 | You might meet 40 up to 200 people maximum in the course of your lifetime. | Bill Rees | |
| 00:03:41:05 | There was very little competition, there was very little pressure, | Dennis Fox | |
| 00:03:45:16 | if people were getting too close your group could go some place else. | ||
| 00:03:50:10 | When the group that's introduced is rather small, each individual can move around and associate with his physical environment. | John B. Calhoun | |
| 00:03:58:16 | And he sort of incorporates this into himself, this is a part of him, his ego boundaries. This is what I am. | ||
| 00:04:06:18 | Within the first 100 days the mice went through the period Dr Calhoun called 'strive'. | EB V.O. | |
| 00:04:13:20 | This was a period of adjustment. Territories were established and nests were made. | ||
| 00:04:20:20 | If a particular tribe was successful, it would split off and another tribe would develop and in that way | Desmond Morris | |
| 00:04:25:21 | we fanned out to cover the whole land surface of the planet. | ||
| 00:04:31:07 | Hunting and gathering societies have very few parts. Pretty much everyone follows the same roles and the same occupations. | Joseph Tainter | |
| 00:04:38:20 | There were lots of reasons why it made more sense for women and men to have similar interests. | Robert Engelman | |
| 00:04:43:00 | You couldn't really move too many people around easily. | ||
| 00:04:45:15 | We didn't have agriculture, we didn't have possessions. We relied upon each other on a daily basis. | Dennis Fox | |
| 00:04:53:20 | In the early primitive hunter group they had about 15000 years to solve their | John B. Calhoun | |
| 00:04:58:22 | impasse of when they were stuck by the carrying capacity of the environment. | ||
| 00:05:04:00 | And then about 10,000 years ago, the story goes, we came up with agriculture. | Dennis Fox | |
| 00:05:09:00 | We had for the first time in our long history a food supply. A food surplus. | Desmond Morris | |
| 00:05:17:16 | Agriculture brought with it larger accumulations of people living in one place, | Dennis Fox | |
| 00:05:25:22 | with the ability to support people who weren't directly engaged in hunting and gathering or farming for themselves. | ||
| 00:05:36:01 | This kind of agricultural existence that we had now developed changed our personalities. | Desmond Morris | |
| 00:05:44:01 | Because of this accumulation, people were no longer living this egalitarian, carefree existence. | Dennis Fox | |
| 00:05:50:15 | There was hard work and possessiveness and royalty and poor people, maybe slaves. | ||
| 00:05:58:10 | Suddenly relationships between men and women were changing very dramatically and leaders evolved, hierarchy evolved. | Robert Engelman | |
| 00:06:05:20 | So you get a few people on the top, you get most people on the bottom, | David Korten | |
| 00:06:09:17 | and more and more of our resources went into maintaining the system of domination. | ||
| 00:06:14:20 | This dominant male maintains Pen 1 as his territory to the near exclusion of all other males. | John B. Calhoun V.O. | |
| 00:06:24:24 | He moves freely about Pen 1. He examines and enters the artificial burrow which houses his harem of adult females. | ||
| 00:06:37:20 | More hierarchy, more male leadership and a clear idea that women were possessions. | Robert Engelman | |
| 00:06:43:02 | They weren't partners, they weren't fertility goddesses which we see in the Palaeolithic, suddenly they become property for men. | ||
| 00:06:51:06 | Hierarchy didn't simply come about because people accepted it, it came about because circumstances made it necessary. | Joseph Tainter | |
| 00:06:58:04 | And those circumstances were probably rising populations. | ||
| 00:07:01:11 | Villages grew into towns and in towns specialists developed. | Desmond Morris | |
| 00:07:05:15 | Men making weapons and jewellery and clothing and all kinds of arts and crafts | ||
| 00:07:13:24 | and scientific developments were occurring in these towns and the towns grew into great cities | ||
| 00:07:19:07 | and although I'm covering 10,000 years in 10 seconds that gave us eventually the urban world in which we live today . | 00:07:28:10 | |
| 00:07:33:00 | At the time of Christ, the world's population was about 300 million, and the number only doubled over 17 centuries. | Colin Campbell | |
| 00:07:42:05 | 200,000 years to reach a quarter of a billion people. That's almost zero growth for 99% of the history of our species. | 00:07:49:21 | Bill Rees |
| 00:07:50:02 | Ancient governments would usually encouraged growth of population. Food for the cities, sons for the army, taxes for the state. | Joseph Tainter | |
| 00:07:58:09 | Cities begin to grow, cities become the place where, through economic necessity, huge numbers of people flock. | 00:08:05:02 | Jon Adams |
| 00:08:06:06 | The industrial revolution that came at the beginning of the 18th century, more or less; | Colin Campbell | |
| 00:08:11:22 | coal fired it up in the first place and then it was followed mid 19th century by oil. | ||
| 00:08:19:00 | We've had enormous growth in just the last couple of hundred years. | Bill Rees | |
| 00:08:22:16 | The population grew 10 fold more or less in parallel with oil. | Colin Campbell | |
| 00:08:27:01 | We had the agricultural revolution on the back of cheap oil. | Robert Rapier | |
| 00:08:30:00 | I think the role of cheap oil has been understated in the explosion of food production that we've had. | ||
| 00:08:35:03 | Oil provides an enormous flood of easy energy, the equivalent of billions of slaves working round the clock you could say. | Colin Campbell | |
| 00:08:43:08 | They're approaching population densities the likes of which humanities never seen...and it's getting worse. | 00:08:48:22 | Jon Adams |
| 00:08:50:01 | A higher population density means that a society has to be more complex simply to integrate the large number of people. | Joseph Tainter | |
| 00:08:57:00 | There is this increasingly urgent problem of “How do you house all the people which are now moving to the cities?” | Jon Adams | |
| 00:09:02:18 | A kluge is a clumsy or inelegant solution to a problem, you can think MacGyver or duct tape and rubber bands. | Gary Marcus | |
| 00:09:08:05 | Something that gets the job done but not necessarily the most efficient or elegant fashion you could possibly imagine. | ||
| 00:09:13:21 | They start building tower blocks into which you can stack more people, so you start seeing the first skyscrapers. | Jon Adams | |
| 00:09:21:01 | As cities grow in terms of sheer population, they grow up and so | Paul Sutton | |
| 00:09:24:19 | when a city is growing out a little bit it gets denser and denser at the inner core. | ||
| 00:09:29:23 | They talk about these using the language of the bee hive. | Jon Adams | |
| 00:09:33:08 | Hives where you can pack a great number of people and that they'll live together | ||
| 00:09:37:04 | very much in the manner of bees, co-operating, being productive. | ||
| 00:09:40:08 | Many people mistakenly think this is indicative of humanity's decoupling from nature. | Bill Rees | |
| 00:09:46:13 | What could possibly go wrong? | 00:09:48:05 | Jon Adams |
| 00:09:49:09 | The basic driver of all these problems is the attempt to have infinite economic growth on a finite planet. | John Michael Greer | |
| 00:09:55:07 | This is a grotesque error, one that we'll rue in the long run. | Bill Rees | |
| 00:10:00:15 | We have very successfully conquered our planet and by conquering the planet we met at the other end. | 00:10:07:20 | Wolfgang Pekny |
| 00:10:20:08 | The next period lasted about 250 days. The population of the mice doubled every 60 days. This was called the 'exploit' period. | 00:10:35:23 | EB V.O. |
| 00:10:37:05 | When I was born there were 3 billion people in the world. This lego block represents one billion people. | Hans Rosling | |
| 00:10:43:19 | World population has tripled in my lifetime, and I don't think that's ever going to happen again. At least I hope it doesn't. | Herman Daly | |
| 00:10:50:13 | And our teacher told us 'we are 3 billion people' and she said | Hans Rosling | |
| 00:10:54:13 | the Indian population and Chinese population will grow to become one billion, but everyone understand that that's impossible. | ||
| 00:11:00:22 | Yeah, that's impossible everyone said. We told our parents, they said “of course that's impossible, | ||
| 00:11:05:12 | they will starve to death. That won't happen.” | ||
| 00:11:07:21 | My grandfather was born in New York City in 1914. | Mike Freedman V.O. | |
| 00:11:11:19 | In the previous 100 years, the world's population had grown from 1 billion to 1.6 billion. | ||
| 00:11:17:15 | Since my grandfather was born the world's population has gone from 1.6 billion to more than 7 billion. | ||
| 00:11:25:01 | Slowly the indicator crept up to the grandest grand total in the history of the United States. And there it was. | Pathe V.O. | |
| 00:11:35:22 | The signs show the dramatic increase of America's population in under 200 years, and experts reckon | ||
| 00:11:41:18 | that at the current rate of birth acceleration a 300 million total is possible by the turn of the century. | ||
| 00:11:48:02 | My grandparents had two children, my father, and my uncle. My father had three children, my uncle had four. | Mike Freedman V.O. | |
| 00:11:53:17 | My brother and sister each have one child. So for my two grandparents 100 years ago there are 11 people alive today. | ||
| 00:12:00:08 | This is called the exponential function. | 00:12:02:17 | |
| 00:12:37:18 | Somewhere on this globe, every ten seconds, a woman is giving birth to a child. She must be found and stopped. | ||
| 00:12:43:11 | It gets that exponential growth and then up until the industrial revolution it keeps on going up and up and up. | Jeffrey McKee | |
| 00:12:49:08 | But with the industrial revolution the rate itself increases even more, and so we go from something like | ||
| 00:12:55:20 | a growth of .02% to a growth of 2%. | ||
| 00:13:00:03 | 4 billion people more in the world, and at the same time the industrialised countries grow much richer | Hans Rosling | |
| 00:13:07:06 | and these 4 billion extra landed somewhere here, and 1 billion of them were very successful. | ||
| 00:13:13:11 | The emerging economy, the top of the emerging economies. | ||
| 00:13:16:19 | We noted it in Sweden this year because China acquired the Volvo company. | ||
| 00:13:21:09 | In 1971 the world's population growth rate peaked at 2.1 percent. In 2011, the growth rate was 1.2 percent. | Mike Freedman V.O. | |
| 00:13:28:15 | It seems like the population of the world is growing slower than it was, but in 1971 the world's population was just under 4 billion. | ||
| 00:13:35:15 | A growth rate of 2.1 percent meant that 79 million new people were born that year. | ||
| 00:13:40:06 | In 2011 the growth rate was 1.2 percent, but there are so many more people in the world that | ||
| 00:13:45:11 | the number of new people born each year is almost the same. | ||
| 00:13:48:24 | 147 new people are born every minute. 8850 every hour. 212000 every day. That adds up to 77 million a year. | ||
| 00:14:00:21 | By the end of this film there will be 15000 more people in the world than there are now. | ||
| 00:14:05:06 | But they couldn't care less what the figure is or will be. That's for the grown-ups to worry about. | Pathe V.O. | |
| 00:14:12:17 | His main concern is not millions of mouths to be fed, just one. His. | 00:14:17:13 | |
| 00:14:19:04 | The demographers missed the baby boom after World War 2 and they got ridiculed a bit for that, | Paul Sutton | |
| 00:14:25:16 | and so they kind of stepped back from this idea of making predictions, and they make projections | ||
| 00:14:31:07 | and there's usually a high, a medium which is sort of what they expect and a low projection of what future population scenarios are. | ||
| 00:14:38:24 | Population keeps growing while family size shrinks, and the growth only stops thirty years after a country have hit | Hans Rosling | |
| 00:14:47:24 | 2 children per woman, because they're building up the middle-aged people and the old people in the population. | ||
| 00:14:53:11 | Population growth is measured and projected using something called the 'Total Fertility Rate' or TFR. | Mike Freedman V.O. | |
| 00:14:59:00 | The 'total fertility rate' is just the number of children that women have in all their reproductive life. | Jose Miguel Guzman | |
| 00:15:04:16 | Let's say from the beginning she starts having children to the end. | ||
| 00:15:08:04 | The TFR for a stable world population is 2.33 children per woman. This is called 'replacement rate'. | Mike Freedman V.O. | |
| 00:15:15:12 | High income countries, upper middle income countries, lower middle income countries, and low income countries. | Hans Rosling | |
| 00:15:20:20 | This pile here has two children per woman. Two children per woman here, and also here: | ||
| 00:15:26:11 | Vietnam, Mexico, Bangladesh, down to almost 2 children per woman. | ||
| 00:15:31:08 | So this means that in just one or two decades more the population growth will stop here. | ||
| 00:15:36:06 | The problem we have with population growth is entirely here in the two poorest billion. | ||
| 00:15:41:02 | There isn't vaccination for all children, so children are dying, so people have good reasons for having many children. | ||
| 00:15:47:09 | Looking back at the historical record, and certain insights from mammals of a kind to which man traces his lineage, | John B. Calhoun | |
| 00:15:55:23 | has lead to a conclusion that the optimum world population is 9 billion. | ||
| 00:16:04:24 | They say 9 billion by 2050. That's the UN estimate, and the UN has historically underestimated where we're going to, | Paul Sutton | |
| 00:16:14:18 | so we may be at more than 9 billion by 2050. I don't think anybody thinks that's a good idea. | ||
| 00:16:21:03 | Up to 2050 we cannot avoid another additional 2 billion. But what will happen with these ones? | Hans Rosling | |
| 00:16:29:11 | I have no doubt that they will catch up here. That means more energy use, more consumption. | ||
| 00:16:35:05 | In 2011 the world's TFR was 2.46 with a population of over 7 billion people. | Mike Freedman V.O. | |
| 00:16:41:10 | The UN Population Division projects that we can expect 9.3 billion people on the planet by 2050. | ||
| 00:16:47:16 | That medium projection relies on the world's TFR falling to 2.02, a drop of 18%. | ||
| 00:16:54:06 | At replacement level, 2.33, their high projection is almost 12 billion. In 40 years. If we bring fertility rates down by 6%. | ||
| 00:17:04:19 | If women have on average 2.1 children, you can end up with that 9 billion people out to the year 2300 | Martha Madison Campbell | |
| 00:17:13:05 | but if you add just a third of a child more, you end up with 36 billion people by 2300. | ||
| 00:17:19:10 | That is the power of compound interest, if you will. | ||
| 00:17:22:20 | These 3 billion, which is like Vietnam today, Peru today...they want to move here. | Hans Rosling | |
| 00:17:29:06 | Here we will get 2 billion extra. If these ones remain in poverty when we reach 2050 then they will continue to grow, | ||
| 00:17:38:01 | but if they get access to school, health care, family planning, perhaps an electric bulb in their room, | ||
| 00:17:46:15 | they will also get 2 child families and then in 2050 we can stop at 9 billion. | ||
| 00:17:51:22 | The third period consisting of 300 days found the population of mice levelling off. This was called the “Equilibrium” period. | EB V.O. | |
| 00:18:03:01 | There's nothing we can do about this 9 billion, if we are not going to kill people at a scale that hasn't happened in modern history, | Hans Rosling | |
| 00:18:10:20 | and I'm talking about centuries and thousands of years. | ||
| 00:18:13:22 | We have to plan for 9 billion and don't think that people should live in poverty because then they will continue to grow, | ||
| 00:18:20:13 | and don't even think that people who just have a bicycle don't want washing machines. | ||
| 00:18:24:23 | And how are we doing with the 7 billion people we have now? | 00:18:29:08 | Mike Freedman O.S. |
| 00:18:33:12 | Badly. | Peter Gleick | |
| 00:18:35:21 | At this time, some unusual behaviour became noticeable. | EB V.O. | |
| 00:18:40:12 | In order to consider physical space and the crowding together, you cannot separate it from the ability to deal with the social organisation. | John B. Calhoun | |
| 00:18:51:12 | If you've watched these animals in the wild and studied them, which he had, you know what their normal behaviour is. | Cat Calhoun | |
| 00:19:00:14 | You know how they normally react, you can tell whether what they're doing there is normal or not, how much it deviates from the norm. | ||
| 00:19:08:19 | And as the population grows you can see the changes. | ||
| 00:19:13:17 | Desmond Morris was one to make the point that we actually don't know how humans behave in nature, | Bill Rees | |
| 00:19:19:04 | because we haven't been in nature for as long as we've making these kind of records. | ||
| 00:19:23:08 | Cities are abnormal phenomena in the sense that for 99% of human history they haven't existed. | ||
| 00:19:28:20 | There was this sense there that people already had that if you crowd mammals together they'll behave aggressively, | Jon Adams | |
| 00:19:35:05 | that people in crowded environments will become more violent, will become stressed. | 00:19:43:02 | |
| 00:19:44:15 | God almighty, sorry man, please, we're filming. No, please, I'm sorry man, that's in shot. Thanks. It's on the door, we're here till 5. | Mike Freedman O.S. | |
| 00:19:55:15 | This is his bubble, and when another mouse comes in to that boundary it's as if he was hit physically. | John B. Calhoun | |
| 00:20:06:03 | His anxiety builds up. There may be an overt fight as a reflection of the stress of this individual space bubble being invaded. | ||
| 00:20:15:08 | One rarely sees more than one rat at a time eating or drinking. | John B. Calhoun V.O. | |
| 00:20:21:11 | As the breeding population reaches a certain level of density he starts noticing aberrant behaviours. | Jon Adams | |
| 00:20:27:17 | It reached a point where they could no longer function as rats. | Desmond Morris | |
| 00:20:32:00 | In the centre pens 2 and 3, rats frequently drank beside each other as they do here in pen 3 at the lower left. | John B. Calhoun V.O. | |
| 00:20:42:17 | Note how this female comes over to drink beside another as do these two males. | ||
| 00:20:50:02 | The act of drinking becomes associated with the presence of others. | ||
| 00:20:56:01 | He starts noticing something called 'pathological togetherness'. Despite the fact there's plenty of food hoppers and water bottles available | Jon Adams | |
| 00:21:02:18 | all the rats will congregate around one of them, they won't spread out and keep themselves to themselves. | ||
| 00:21:08:05 | They start displaying these really unnatural and peculiar responses. | ||
| 00:21:13:02 | Human beings evolved living in huge areas as a tribe of 60 or a big tribe of 200 people. | Desmond Morris | |
| 00:21:20:00 | When I looked then at the population of London or New York I realised that the population density of our species | ||
| 00:21:28:19 | had increased by a 100,000 times, since our original tribal life. | ||
| 00:21:34:11 | And it was that tribal life, that was where we evolved and that's how our personality was formed. | ||
| 00:21:41:04 | The mice have programs, they're like little computers and this is basically genetic with a much smaller element of learned behaviour. | John B. Calhoun | |
| 00:21:52:16 | Too high a contact rate disorganises the program so that it gets washed out, so it's disconnected or doesn't express itself, | ||
| 00:22:02:20 | this is where you get the lack of involvement. | ||
| 00:22:04:23 | Well that's one of the consequences of over-crowding, is that you break action chains and the very simple example is | Edward Hall | |
| 00:22:12:11 | a woman leaves her apartment going to the grocery store or to the drug store with certain things in mind that she's going to buy. | ||
| 00:22:18:19 | If she gets too many interruptions of the wrong type she's going to forget she went to buy, | ||
| 00:22:23:02 | and if she gets enough of them she's likely to forget that she's even going to go to the store. | ||
| 00:22:28:16 | All life is made up of action chains, some of them are incredibly complex. | ||
| 00:22:33:23 | You imagine going down the street and saying 'good morning', 'hello, how are you?' to every person you passed. | Desmond Morris | |
| 00:22:40:18 | It would be crazy. It would be a ridiculous situation. | ||
| 00:22:44:05 | So what we do is we make all but our little tribe into non-people. | ||
| 00:22:50:02 | And we're able to continue as tribesmen which is how we evolved within the super tribe of the city | ||
| 00:22:57:08 | and that's what enables us to survive in these huge conglomerations. | 00:23:03:22 | |
| 00:23:23:01 | Each animal became less aware of associates despite all animals being pushed closer together. | EB V.O. | |
| 00:23:29:04 | Dr. Calhoun concluded that the mice could not effectively deal with the repeated contact of so many individuals. | ||
| 00:23:38:00 | People used to say it was a concrete jungle, but jungles aren't like that. | Desmond Morris | |
| 00:23:40:22 | This is a zoo where we're kept in small cages in this urban environment. | ||
| 00:23:45:22 | It's probably fair to say that we're inherently maladapted to the large kind of urban landscapes in which most people live today. | Bill Rees | |
| 00:23:54:09 | Something about the urban environment is changing the way people behave. | Jon Adams | |
| 00:23:59:03 | One of the theories at the time is that there's a miasma effect. | ||
| 00:24:03:15 | When you bring all these people together, not only do they become a vector for one another's diseases, | ||
| 00:24:08:02 | and of course you have epidemics of cholera and typhoid in cities, | ||
| 00:24:11:08 | but also they become a vector for one another's vices. | ||
| 00:24:15:06 | After being attacked, this socially withdrawn male 29 makes a pan-sexual approach to male 16 who he recently saw attacked. | John B. Calhoun V.O. | |
| 00:24:26:05 | Note how one assumes the female role. | ||
| 00:24:31:09 | Males exhibit sexual behaviour towards other males; you have rat homosexuality. They begin mounting the young. | 00:24:36:05 | Jon Adams |
| 00:24:39:15 | Associated with his social withdrawal is pan-sexual mounting of a juvenile male. | John B. Calhoun V.O. | |
| 00:24:47:03 | Gangs of males will attack a single female, mounting her repeatedly. | Jon Adams | |
| 00:24:51:18 | Here male 78 forcefully grabs estrous female 123 and holds on. | John B. Calhoun V.O. | |
| 00:25:00:23 | I call these 'frog mounts'. They may last minutes rather that the normal 1 to 3 seconds. | ||
| 00:25:09:05 | Females occasionally exhibit pan-sexual behaviour. Here female 47 attempts to mount dominant male 35 who resents her approaches. | ||
| 00:25:22:22 | Though living with many males she rarely conceived. | ||
| 00:25:27:13 | Here is an animal which doesn't have a society in the sense that people do | Jon Adams | |
| 00:25:36:00 | and nonetheless seems to be behaving in a way that people do when they're in cities. | ||
| 00:25:39:24 | It's 1962. There is increasing concerns with overpopulation. There's concerns in particular with urban decay. | ||
| 00:25:48:17 | Newark, New Jersey became a city of race riots, violence, looting and hate. | Pathe V.O. | |
| 00:25:54:01 | For five days it was a battle ground and a looter's paradise. Similar riots in other American centres, | ||
| 00:25:59:20 | with hatred near danger point between white and black extremist groups. | 00:26:03:07 | |
| 00:26:07:19 | Journalists and writers, fiction writers in particular, see this as a consequence of the mass of people, | Jon Adams | |
| 00:26:15:09 | which is to say it's not just there were more people and therefore there was more crime; | ||
| 00:26:19:14 | something was happening in the cities that was changing the way people behaved. | ||
| 00:26:23:19 | Complex societies have many different kinds of parts, we have many kinds of technologies, we have many social roles and institutions, | Joseph Tainter | |
| 00:26:32:19 | people specialise in these roles, people specialise in occupations. | ||
| 00:26:36:18 | Dr. Calhoun noticed that the newer generations of young were inhibited since most space was already socially defined. | EB V.O. | |
| 00:26:44:04 | Violence became prevalent. | ||
| 00:26:48:16 | These males here on the floor who are withdrawn, they are highly stressed animals, | John B. Calhoun | |
| 00:26:53:24 | but the stress comes from each other because of this peculiar violence that they exhibit, | ||
| 00:26:58:12 | which leaves them as this animal with his tail all chewed up... | ||
| 00:27:06:17 | but they do it to each other. These are highly stressed individuals. | ||
| 00:27:10:17 | As the chaos within these enclosures becomes more and more pronounced, you'll have rats which move away from the group, | Jon Adams | |
| 00:27:17:20 | sit up on a little perch by themselves all day and only come down to feed at night or when t
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