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On January 13th, 1991,
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after 50 years of Soviet rule,
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the Lithuanian people reignited
their spirit of resistance.
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00:00:27,789 --> 00:00:29,729
Mikail Gorbachev said today
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that he had no advance knowledge
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of the Soviet army’s
crackdown that
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killed fourteen people
on Sunday in Lithuania.
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I called Moscow to speak with
President Gorbachev.
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They did not connect me, but
promised to relay my message.
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I told him that if blood is
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spilled, it will
fall on his head.
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Moscow was loosing control
of the Baltic states
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which it had occupied shortly
before the end of World War 2.
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This 50 year annexation
of the region
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was critical to the existence
of the Soviet Union
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since Estonia, Latvia,
and Lithuania
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were the gateway to the
Baltic Sea, and Scandinavia.
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As the Red Army marched in for
the first time in June of 1940
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the Baltic leaders choose
to not fight back.
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Their decision led to
tragic consequences.
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A year later, in 1941,
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the Nazis pushed out
the Soviets and
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introduced their own
reign of terror.
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In 1944, the Soviets returned
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to continue Stalin’s
dominance of Eastern Europe.
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This time,
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the youth who survived the
terror of earlier occupations
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armed themselves and
took a stand.
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These guerilla fighters
were called the partisans
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or “Forest Brothers”.
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They were students,
teachers, and villagers
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with little to no
military training
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who were bonded in their
desire for independence.
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Out of the 3 Baltic States,
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the Lithuanian resistance
was the largest.
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One person out of every 20
was involved in the movement
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and out of nearly 3 million,
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more than 30,000 took up arms
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and another 100,000
thousand provided support.
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This would be the equivalent
of 15 million Americans
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joining a
resistance today.
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The icon of the movement
is Jouzas Luksa.
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Luksa broke through the
Iron Curtain and at great risk
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returned to Soviet Lithuania
as a CIA operative.
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This is the story
of Jouzas Luksa
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and the spirit of resistance.
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Juozas Luksa was a 24 year old
architecture student
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when he joined the partisans
with his three brothers.
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He became an editor for the
underground press
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and his greatest achievment
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was to get the story of
the partisan struggle
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out to the West.
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{an8}To me he is one of the, probably
most outstanding idealists.
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He was active, a
brilliant, educated man.
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who believed in the ideals of
the free nations and free men.
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And he became one of the
symbols strengthening
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the spirit of the
fighting the nation.
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{an8}He always felt… and I think not
only he
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but most of the freedom
fighters.
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For them Lithuania and
the fight for the freedom
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comes first, before your
family, before your lives.
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Well Juozas Luksa became,
I think in the eyes of,
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a majority of
Lithuanians
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who study history and are
familiar with their past,
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as a heroic figure.
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00:05:57,280 --> 00:05:59,704
And I think his
book, his memoir,
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which I read as
a...
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I think I was in grade seven or
eight...
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..was an enormous impact.
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And its not
untypical, I think,
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of the best and the brightest
of the partisan movement.
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It happened.
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{an8}Against our will,
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{an8}the “Red Terror” had
returned to our land.
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It returned slowly, creeping
across the country,
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marking its
trail with fires and ruins,
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leaving people with a
sinking sense of dread.
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At this moment, there were
only two alternatives:
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to remain on our land
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and continue the fight with
absolute determination,
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or retreat
from the trenches
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with the hope of being
able to reach asylum
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00:06:44,084 --> 00:06:46,284
in the democracies
of the West.
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The Soviets quickly gained
control of the country
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through rigged elections and
forced displays of loyalty.
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They nationalized
private property
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and deported the
elite to Siberia.
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Any opposition to their rule
was driven underground.
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00:07:19,200 --> 00:07:21,386
The Jakimavicius
family lived on the
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border of Lithuania and Poland.
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They allowed the partisans
use of their farm
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as a launching point to smuggle
intelligence out to the west.
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When the Soviets occupied
Lithuania.
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They started persecuting
the intellectuals,
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especially the
teachers.
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In Lithuania, a teacher
was an authority figure.
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Teachers were at the center
of culture and patriotism.
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They taught children
morality
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which was a threat to the
Communists,
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so they turned person
against person.
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If we take the
numbers of people
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who underwent
Soviet deportation,
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including my own
uncle and cousin,
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we are speaking in
terms of numbers
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between 150,000 and
200,000 persons.
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00:08:12,392 --> 00:08:14,392
Particularly if we include
those sent to prisons
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rather than just deported.
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In a nation of around
3 million people.
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Its an enormous impact.
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Considering also that
many of these people died
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either on the way to Siberia or
Kazakhstan
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or central Asia or other
such places.
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{an8}Ryte Merkyte’s father was
a local government official
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{an8}and her mother
was a teacher.
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{an8}She was nine years old when
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her family was
deported to Siberia.
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In the middle of the night,
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there was a loud
banging on the door.
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I heard men talking.
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I was
in my nightgown, barefoot.
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I walked
into the room.
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And I saw several
armed men.
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The atmosphere was
tense.
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They told us that we had to
pack our things
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and we had to go
with them.
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I remember this moment
very well.
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My mother walked up and
pointed at the clock.
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She traced the hours with her
finger - 4, 5, 6 o’clock.
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We only had
this much time to get ready.
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There were many people at
the train station because
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some deportees were
accompanied by their loved
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ones and others were looking
for their relatives.
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Then I saw my father
being led over.
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He didn't have any
luggage with him.
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He was as
elegant as always.
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He had a slight limp and
walked with a cane and a hat.
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So then I started
shouting loudly.
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This moment often plays out
in my mind like a film.
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When my father heard his
child's voice he said,
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00:10:06,326 --> 00:10:09,464
“My family is over there.
I have to go with them.”
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And so he surrendered.
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My father had only
one request -
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that he not be separated
from his family.
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He knew the Soviets were
separating families.
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They let him stay with
us.
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We spent one night together.
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Then the next night,
we arrived in New Vilnia.
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There, our family
was separated.
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00:10:33,063 --> 00:10:34,953
Within a year of being deported,
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00:10:34,953 --> 00:10:38,486
Ryte’s father died of starvation
in a forced labor camp.
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00:10:39,258 --> 00:10:41,644
Ryte and the rest of her
family were allowed
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00:10:41,669 --> 00:10:43,976
to return to Lithuania
13 years later
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00:10:43,976 --> 00:10:45,776
when she was
22 years old.
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All of this was inconceivable in
the West.
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How could this have
happened?
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For example,
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if your father owned 75 acres,
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the Soviets considered
you a wealthy landowner.
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You must be
ruined.
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Schools became closed to
you. You were nothing.
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You became a manual laborer
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with 5 or 6 men looking
over your shoulder.
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The Soviet tactic of
pitting the less fortunate
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against the fortunate had
a devastating affect.
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Neighbour turned
against neighbour,
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as suspicion spread
throughout the country side.
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The Luksa family township,
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like
most of Lithuania,
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00:12:10,768 --> 00:12:13,112
was torn apart
by the new Soviet order.
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{an8}Luksa’s neighbor,
Aldona Smailyte,
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{an8}was a witness to
the growing tensions
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{an8} which lead to the resistance.
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Our world was
turned upside down.
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00:12:25,881 --> 00:12:27,733
We stopped interacting with our
neighbors.
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00:12:27,733 --> 00:12:32,036
You could not talk to anyone,
only to your close friends.
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People began drinking.
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Drinking,
drinking.
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00:12:37,470 --> 00:12:39,403
They knew they had nothing else.
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00:12:39,403 --> 00:12:43,255
Their land would be confiscated
and they'd be left with nothing.
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And in this situation,
we were waiting.
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We were all waiting
for something.
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We were waiting for
something bad.
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00:12:51,319 --> 00:12:53,489
No one waited for anything good
anymore.
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00:12:53,489 --> 00:12:55,822
Something bad was going to
happen.
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{an8}Aldona’s neighbors
were the Miknevicius family.
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00:13:00,212 --> 00:13:02,412
{an8}They were Lithuanian
Communists.
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00:13:03,569 --> 00:13:07,312
My father worked as
the chairman of the
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00:13:07,337 --> 00:13:10,891
Soviet Land
Redistribution Committee.
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00:13:12,184 --> 00:13:15,175
This was a very big
deal for him.
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00:13:15,175 --> 00:13:17,378
Not only because he
was paid a salary,
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00:13:17,403 --> 00:13:19,121
but also because he
was able to take
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00:13:19,146 --> 00:13:20,978
land away from the
wealthy land owners.
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00:13:20,978 --> 00:13:25,850
He redistributed their
property to the landless.
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00:13:30,545 --> 00:13:35,092
The Mikneviãius family
were Communists
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00:13:35,117 --> 00:13:39,755
and they received a
salary from Russia.
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00:13:39,755 --> 00:13:43,021
So as soon as the
Soviets arrived,
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00:13:43,046 --> 00:13:46,193
they joined them
in their agenda.
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00:13:46,193 --> 00:13:50,263
They began informing
on and accusing people.
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00:13:54,629 --> 00:13:59,402
They were then killed by the
partisan court martial.
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00:14:00,707 --> 00:14:03,379
They came at night.
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00:14:06,706 --> 00:14:09,371
They announced
themselves.
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00:14:09,371 --> 00:14:11,752
My father opened the
door.
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00:14:12,996 --> 00:14:17,536
They struck my father in the
face with the butt of a gun.
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00:14:18,333 --> 00:14:22,372
As they beat him, they accused
him of being a commissar,
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00:14:22,647 --> 00:14:25,793
the Chairman of the Land
Distribution Commission,
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00:14:26,051 --> 00:14:29,724
and an activist in the Soviet
government.
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00:14:30,334 --> 00:14:32,806
And this, and that,
and that.
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00:14:32,806 --> 00:14:33,806
You understand?
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00:14:34,396 --> 00:14:36,357
In the end, they
decided to shoot him.
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00:14:39,506 --> 00:14:42,648
I categorically
decided that I would
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00:14:42,673 --> 00:14:45,475
join the Soviet
Security Forces.
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00:14:48,936 --> 00:14:51,233
And I would avenge my parents.
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00:14:51,258 --> 00:14:52,297
Avenge.
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00:14:54,272 --> 00:14:57,349
{an8}Vincas Bilskis’s family
lived in the same village.
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00:14:57,349 --> 00:15:00,140
{an8}His father was abducted
by the Soviet special forces
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00:15:00,140 --> 00:15:03,007
{an8}for exposing a group of
undercover agents.
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00:15:04,431 --> 00:15:07,049
Our farm was very large.
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00:15:07,049 --> 00:15:10,085
There was a partisan
camp over there,
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00:15:10,110 --> 00:15:13,441
near the location where
they were killed.
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00:15:13,441 --> 00:15:17,820
About 300 meters from our
field.
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00:15:19,327 --> 00:15:25,202
It was Sunday, July 15th.
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00:15:25,853 --> 00:15:31,109
My brother, mother, and I went
looking for them.
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00:15:32,295 --> 00:15:36,420
My father was
hung up by his legs
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00:15:38,084 --> 00:15:39,718
into an
anthill.
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00:15:40,089 --> 00:15:45,941
All the flesh was eaten away and
just his skeleton was left.
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00:15:46,593 --> 00:15:50,801
Completely down to the bone.
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00:15:54,309 --> 00:15:57,410
The others were lynched.
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00:15:59,862 --> 00:16:02,616
Their eyes were torn out.
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00:16:02,616 --> 00:16:05,983
They were all cut up. Their
extremities were chopped off.
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00:16:05,983 --> 00:16:07,914
They were naked.
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00:16:07,914 --> 00:16:11,701
You
know, when it comes to torture,
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00:16:11,701 --> 00:16:14,167
the Soviets were
real professionals.
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00:16:18,037 --> 00:16:21,256
Only we who lived
through that hell
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00:16:21,256 --> 00:16:24,946
can comprehend why there
was a resistance.
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00:16:24,946 --> 00:16:28,323
You knew that if you
chose to be a partisan
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00:16:28,348 --> 00:16:31,571
you were signing your
own death sentence.
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00:16:44,641 --> 00:16:47,142
{an8}I learned from my friends
that the partisans
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00:16:47,142 --> 00:16:51,276
{an8}were already making appearances
throughout Lithuania.
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00:16:52,188 --> 00:16:55,915
{an8}The ranks of the partisans
swelled like rapid fire
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00:16:55,915 --> 00:16:57,336
{an8}across the country
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00:16:57,336 --> 00:16:59,670
{an8}through all social and
economic classes
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00:16:59,695 --> 00:17:03,480
{an8}as the Soviets continued
looting, making arrests,
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00:17:03,480 --> 00:17:04,880
and murdering people.
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00:17:11,433 --> 00:17:13,237
When Luksa joined the partisans
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00:17:13,237 --> 00:17:14,948
he discovered that, like him,
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00:17:14,973 --> 00:17:17,088
most of his new
comrades were a mix
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00:17:17,113 --> 00:17:18,653
of villagers, high
school students
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00:17:18,653 --> 00:17:20,253
and university students.
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00:17:23,788 --> 00:17:25,788
Since the Soviets
has either executed
250
00:17:25,820 --> 00:17:29,188
or exilled most of the
military personnel to Siberia
251
00:17:29,213 --> 00:17:31,137
there were very few
officers remaining
252
00:17:31,137 --> 00:17:33,031
from the former Lithuania army
253
00:17:33,031 --> 00:17:35,330
who were able to join
in the resistance.
254
00:17:35,330 --> 00:17:38,106
The young men and women who
did join the partisans
255
00:17:38,107 --> 00:17:40,844
had joined entirely of
their own free will
256
00:17:40,844 --> 00:17:42,779
and were united in a common goal
257
00:17:42,779 --> 00:17:45,450
to try and repel the
Soviet occupation.
258
00:17:45,721 --> 00:17:48,254
They saw themselves as
the true Lithuanian army
259
00:17:48,254 --> 00:17:51,006
and organized themselves
into military units
260
00:17:51,006 --> 00:17:53,539
and adhered to a
strict partisan code.
261
00:17:58,450 --> 00:18:00,387
They collected the
weapons which had
262
00:18:00,399 --> 00:18:02,400
been dropped all over
the countryside.
263
00:18:02,400 --> 00:18:07,228
The partisans picked up the
weapons and fought with them.
264
00:18:07,228 --> 00:18:08,961
No one gave them anything.
265
00:18:09,327 --> 00:18:11,524
So you see, you had
all the guns you
266
00:18:11,536 --> 00:18:13,744
needed, all the
ammunition you needed
267
00:18:14,160 --> 00:18:16,760
Just pick up a gun,
brother, and shoot.
268
00:18:23,932 --> 00:18:26,666
To avoid forced conscription
into the Red Army,
269
00:18:26,666 --> 00:18:28,468
Luksa’s brother, Antanas,
270
00:18:28,468 --> 00:18:31,831
fled his position as a teacher
to join the resistance.
271
00:18:32,783 --> 00:18:35,796
Our fates could have
been different.
272
00:18:36,036 --> 00:18:40,367
While Juozas was working
at the University,
273
00:18:40,367 --> 00:18:42,835
he learned the Soviets
were after him.
274
00:18:43,570 --> 00:18:48,444
Not a single one of us agreed
to join the Soviet army,
275
00:18:48,444 --> 00:18:52,894
and sacrifice our lives for the
ideals of that bloody enemy.
276
00:18:52,894 --> 00:18:58,857
We would rather die in Lithuania
fighting against that enemy.
277
00:19:01,391 --> 00:19:03,391
We were now Partisans.
278
00:19:04,537 --> 00:19:06,783
We put on our partisan clothing,
279
00:19:06,783 --> 00:19:09,845
tied ammunition belts and
grenades across our chests,
280
00:19:09,845 --> 00:19:11,561
and clutching our weapons,
281
00:19:11,561 --> 00:19:13,894
went to say good-bye
to our family.
282
00:19:25,500 --> 00:19:31,632
One day, my siblings
and I all happened
283
00:19:31,644 --> 00:19:36,406
to be home visiting our mother.
284
00:19:39,411 --> 00:19:43,512
As we were preparing to leave,
285
00:19:43,512 --> 00:19:48,079
our mother placed her hand
on our heads and said:
286
00:19:48,079 --> 00:19:51,279
"My sons, just do not let
them take you alive.”
287
00:19:54,313 --> 00:19:56,994
In our hearts, we
asked God to bless us
288
00:19:56,995 --> 00:19:59,746
{an8}and then we took our
first steps as partisans
289
00:19:59,746 --> 00:20:02,174
{an8}out across our native land.
290
00:20:02,642 --> 00:20:04,668
{an8}The land which we had vowed
291
00:20:04,668 --> 00:20:09,293
{an8} to sacrifice all of our
earthly joys, hopes, and lives.
292
00:20:12,475 --> 00:20:15,136
My brothers and I
took our place in the
293
00:20:15,148 --> 00:20:17,487
long line of brothers
of the night,
294
00:20:17,487 --> 00:20:21,311
a line of men who were ready
to sacrifice their lives
295
00:20:21,311 --> 00:20:24,178
so that their land might
be free once more.
296
00:20:30,388 --> 00:20:38,172
One day, my platoon arrived
at this outlying field.
297
00:20:38,492 --> 00:20:43,695
As we were eating breakfast,
our watchman, codename "Uncle"
298
00:20:43,695 --> 00:20:49,093
ran up and yelled, "The
Russians are coming!"
299
00:20:50,235 --> 00:20:53,865
The order was given to
immediately evacuate the camp
300
00:20:53,865 --> 00:20:55,865
and prepare for battle.
301
00:20:57,407 --> 00:21:01,291
We were led by our
man "Security,"
302
00:21:01,303 --> 00:21:04,865
who knew these
woods quite well.
303
00:21:04,865 --> 00:21:17,935
As we marched, we almost fell
directly into a garrison patrol.
304
00:21:18,362 --> 00:21:21,859
And then, a huge
firefight broke out.
305
00:21:30,848 --> 00:21:34,367
After taking fire from
three directions at once,
306
00:21:34,367 --> 00:21:36,101
the Soviets were confused.
307
00:21:39,421 --> 00:21:41,710
I will never forget this moment.
308
00:21:41,710 --> 00:21:46,781
The commanders of the company
“Tiger” and “Greyhound,”
309
00:21:46,781 --> 00:21:51,710
ran down the line with
their subsubmachine guns.
310
00:21:51,710 --> 00:21:56,293
They were shouting: "Men, for
Lithuania, for freedom!"
311
00:21:58,148 --> 00:22:00,986
I will never forget the
312
00:22:00,998 --> 00:22:05,212
patriotism of these
ordinary men.
313
00:22:07,542 --> 00:22:10,605
A year later on June 13th, 1947
314
00:22:10,605 --> 00:22:13,092
Antanas was captured
by the Soviets.
315
00:22:13,092 --> 00:22:16,634
He was sentenced to fifteen
years hard labor in Siberia.
316
00:22:45,676 --> 00:22:48,449
At its peak the resistance
was able to thrive
317
00:22:48,449 --> 00:22:50,199
due to the support
of the villagers
318
00:22:50,199 --> 00:22:53,132
who provided food, shelter
and intelligence.
319
00:22:54,558 --> 00:22:58,040
We found out that there were
partisans in the forest.
320
00:22:58,172 --> 00:23:00,528
We felt that we
had to help them.
321
00:23:03,729 --> 00:23:05,109
Leonora Rubine joined the
322
00:23:05,121 --> 00:23:07,070
resistance when she
was a teenager
323
00:23:07,264 --> 00:23:09,079
and spent three years undercover
324
00:23:09,079 --> 00:23:11,183
delivering messages
throughout the country.
325
00:23:13,104 --> 00:23:16,896
Our point of contact
would be verified to
326
00:23:16,908 --> 00:23:20,711
determine if they were
really on our side.
327
00:23:20,736 --> 00:23:22,553
Because sometimes
they were working
328
00:23:22,565 --> 00:23:24,445
for both [the Soviets
and partisans].
329
00:23:24,445 --> 00:23:26,784
We didn't always
know for certain.
330
00:23:29,456 --> 00:23:32,784
We were never afraid
of being arrested.
331
00:23:32,784 --> 00:23:38,393
We just went and did what
we could to help people.
332
00:23:39,815 --> 00:23:43,702
As the children of a
partisan supporters we
333
00:23:43,714 --> 00:23:47,968
collected information and
gave it to our father.
334
00:23:47,968 --> 00:23:54,187
He then passed it on to other
supporters in the area.
335
00:23:54,187 --> 00:23:57,571
There were partisan
messengers everywhere.
336
00:23:57,571 --> 00:24:03,425
Whether we wanted to or not, we
were drawn into the resistance.
337
00:24:03,451 --> 00:24:06,639
We participated in the
silent resistance.
338
00:24:06,638 --> 00:24:11,905
We could not talk
about it in public.
339
00:24:12,327 --> 00:24:13,656
To enforce the occupation,
340
00:24:13,656 --> 00:24:17,379
Moscow stationed nearly 100,000
Red Army troops in Lithuania.
341
00:24:18,098 --> 00:24:20,113
Additionally, they
deployed 20,000
342
00:24:20,125 --> 00:24:22,037
specially trained
interior forces
343
00:24:22,037 --> 00:24:24,437
to counter the
partisan insurgency.
344
00:24:36,588 --> 00:24:40,251
Gennadiy Gusev was one of the
thousands of Soviet Soldiers
345
00:24:40,276 --> 00:24:42,644
deployed to fight in
the partisan war.
346
00:24:42,676 --> 00:24:48,927
Our task was to eliminate the
bandit groups and create
347
00:24:48,952 --> 00:24:54,634
peaceful living conditions
for the common people.
348
00:25:01,568 --> 00:25:05,466
I remember an operation
in the Ukmergò area.
349
00:25:06,666 --> 00:25:10,905
A partisan group mined the
road and arranged an ambush.
350
00:25:10,905 --> 00:25:14,697
When the first truck
approached, they blew it up
351
00:25:14,697 --> 00:25:17,497
and eighteen of our
soldiers were killed.
352
00:25:19,710 --> 00:25:23,592
When we reached the road, we
planted several anti-tank mines.
353
00:25:23,592 --> 00:25:25,538
We then took cover
in nearby trenches
354
00:25:25,538 --> 00:25:27,397
and waited to pick off whatever
355
00:25:27,409 --> 00:25:29,461
enemy troops might
try to escape.
356
00:25:33,640 --> 00:25:37,751
We hunted them down and
three or four surrendered.
357
00:25:37,763 --> 00:25:41,643
We killed eight or ten, I
can't recall how many.
358
00:25:43,291 --> 00:25:48,481
Why did we call it
"the invisible front?"
359
00:25:48,481 --> 00:25:53,356
Well, at the time, the
mass media kept it secret.
360
00:25:53,356 --> 00:25:59,953
This was not publicly known.
It was classified.
361
00:25:59,953 --> 00:26:02,885
When we talked
amongst ourselves,
362
00:26:02,897 --> 00:26:05,754
we called it the
invisible front.
363
00:26:05,754 --> 00:26:07,300
Very simple.
364
00:26:21,950 --> 00:26:25,128
As partisan loses mounted
it became clear to Luksa
365
00:26:25,128 --> 00:26:27,347
that the control of information
was more important
366
00:26:27,347 --> 00:26:28,964
than armed conflict.
367
00:26:32,644 --> 00:26:34,899
He set up his underground
press near Kaunas
368
00:26:34,899 --> 00:26:37,699
at the family farm of
Stasys Dovydaitis..
369
00:26:38,954 --> 00:26:43,533
Luksa published articles in
the underground newspapers,
370
00:26:43,533 --> 00:26:46,998
in particular the ones called
"Scout" and "Struggle".
371
00:26:46,998 --> 00:26:52,881
The articles described the
international situation.
372
00:26:52,881 --> 00:26:56,136
This was totally necessary
for the resistance as
373
00:26:56,148 --> 00:26:59,548
they were the only source
of objective information.
374
00:27:00,636 --> 00:27:03,781
We lacked the equipment to
prepare the printing plates.
375
00:27:04,007 --> 00:27:06,644
As a result, we had to sharpen
the point of a bullet
376
00:27:06,644 --> 00:27:08,561
and use it as an etching tool.
377
00:27:09,209 --> 00:27:12,444
We posted the proclamations
in the larger intersections
378
00:27:12,444 --> 00:27:14,444
and planted mines around them.
379
00:27:15,240 --> 00:27:18,919
Quite a few Soviets lost their
lives trying to take them down.
380
00:27:45,469 --> 00:27:49,807
By 1947 Lithuania was virtually
cut off from the outside world.
381
00:27:49,807 --> 00:27:52,293
And the partisans
understood that they would
382
00:27:52,305 --> 00:27:54,470
not last without
support from the West.
383
00:27:55,087 --> 00:27:58,065
That summer Luksa and his
close friend Rymvydas
384
00:27:58,065 --> 00:28:00,322
broke through the Iron
Curtain into Poland
385
00:28:00,334 --> 00:28:02,656
to connect with exile
resistance supporters.
386
00:28:03,345 --> 00:28:04,783
Their aim was to discern
387
00:28:04,783 --> 00:28:08,144
whether the West would help to
and free the Balitcs.
388
00:28:09,634 --> 00:28:14,104
My father and I built a cart
with two under-carriages.
389
00:28:14,104 --> 00:28:17,251
We disassembled it,
placed many documents
390
00:28:17,251 --> 00:28:19,542
and photographs inside
and reassembled it.
391
00:28:19,908 --> 00:28:22,891
Juozas Luksa hid in
the back of the cart
392
00:28:22,903 --> 00:28:25,606
with an automatic
and his two scouts.
393
00:28:25,606 --> 00:28:30,801
We hid them under hay
and headed westward.
394
00:28:33,645 --> 00:28:37,946
We said a short prayer and then
set out for the Polish border.
395
00:28:38,502 --> 00:28:40,966
Though there were fifteen
of us, Rimvydas and
396
00:28:40,978 --> 00:28:43,131
I continued accompanied
by three guides,
397
00:28:43,131 --> 00:28:45,071
who made the crossing with us.
398
00:28:45,563 --> 00:28:49,147
The others were fully prepared
to serve as live targets
399
00:28:49,147 --> 00:28:51,347
in the event of
an enemy attack.
400
00:29:01,454 --> 00:29:05,119
This is Rimvydas. We are
going to see his bunker.
401
00:29:05,144 --> 00:29:07,869
He was sent by his
district headquarters
402
00:29:07,885 --> 00:29:11,746
to smuggle photographs
of burned Lithuanian
403
00:29:11,758 --> 00:29:15,367
villages and murdered
people to the West.
404
00:29:15,488 --> 00:29:19,120
Information - this is why they
were so intensely hunted.
405
00:29:19,120 --> 00:29:21,663
They were afraid of
information reaching the
406
00:29:21,675 --> 00:29:24,230
West and getting into
the hands of the media.
407
00:29:24,230 --> 00:29:27,686
This was of great concern
[to the Soviets].
408
00:29:40,512 --> 00:29:43,810
Luksa and Rimvydas successfully
returned to Lithuania
409
00:29:43,810 --> 00:29:46,793
but were unable to garner
any support from the west.
410
00:29:48,801 --> 00:29:51,516
Two years later on
September 9th, 1949
411
00:29:51,516 --> 00:29:53,904
Rimvydas was
discovered hiding in a
412
00:29:53,916 --> 00:29:56,050
bunker on the
Jakimavicius farm.
413
00:29:58,418 --> 00:30:00,582
So, it was around
seven in the morning.
414
00:30:00,607 --> 00:30:05,029
I went out to pull
feed for the horses.
415
00:30:05,563 --> 00:30:09,178
I saw something moving around.
416
00:30:10,348 --> 00:30:12,455
I realized that
this was not good.
417
00:30:12,480 --> 00:30:14,411
We were surrounded by soldiers.
418
00:30:22,045 --> 00:30:28,757
They pushed me towards the
bunker to open it up.
419
00:30:28,782 --> 00:30:31,270
I protested, saying
that I was a civilian
420
00:30:31,282 --> 00:30:33,186
and had nothing
to do with this.
421
00:30:33,211 --> 00:30:35,160
Ignoring this,
they hit me in the
422
00:30:35,172 --> 00:30:37,077
shoulder with the
butt of a rifle.
423
00:30:37,077 --> 00:30:39,435
They shouted "you die”.
424
00:30:39,435 --> 00:30:41,989
They heard rumors that
Lithuanians do not surrender.
425
00:30:42,014 --> 00:30:44,481
That they were blowing
themselves up.
426
00:30:46,608 --> 00:30:48,162
I uncovered the bunker.
427
00:30:48,162 --> 00:30:53,319
I found Rimvydas lying
crumpled with a bloodied head.
428
00:30:54,304 --> 00:30:58,196
And the other partisan had
shot himself through the chin.
429
00:30:58,780 --> 00:31:01,714
He was still holding his
pistol in his hand.
430
00:31:10,016 --> 00:31:12,504
Step-by-step Russian
culture, language and
431
00:31:12,529 --> 00:31:15,363
history were enforced on
all spheres of society.
432
00:31:17,484 --> 00:31:19,348
The Lithuanian flag was banned,
433
00:31:19,727 --> 00:31:21,799
teachers were given
strict restrictions
434
00:31:21,799 --> 00:31:23,932
and propaganda was inescapable.
435
00:31:26,352 --> 00:31:30,685
There was little choice left but
to feign loyalty to the regime.
436
00:31:44,085 --> 00:31:46,263
{an8}When his family was
deported to Siberia,
437
00:31:46,263 --> 00:31:48,096
{an8}Jonas Kadzionis fled to the
438
00:31:48,108 --> 00:31:49,786
forest to join the partisans.
439
00:31:51,713 --> 00:31:53,888
After five years of
living in bunkers
440
00:31:53,888 --> 00:31:58,088
he was betrayed by a friend and
sent to the Gulag for 25 years.
441
00:32:17,046 --> 00:32:21,937
In the summer heat, when there
was no wind, it was stifling.
442
00:32:22,288 --> 00:32:23,976
This was a problem.
443
00:32:24,038 --> 00:32:26,322
You could not even
light a match.
444
00:32:26,347 --> 00:32:28,963
In the winter, there
was always enough air.
445
00:32:32,979 --> 00:32:36,258
Living in the bunker,
we were free.
446
00:32:36,258 --> 00:32:39,384
Unless you were betrayed,
447
00:32:39,424 --> 00:32:41,591
there was a 99
percent chance that
448
00:32:41,603 --> 00:32:43,907
your bunker would
not be discovered.
449
00:32:45,979 --> 00:32:48,311
Dozens of NKVD soldiers
450
00:32:48,311 --> 00:32:51,071
would surround a
farmer’s homestead
451
00:32:51,071 --> 00:32:53,337
and conduct a
superficial search.
452
00:32:54,326 --> 00:32:56,788
{an8}Then, an exhaustive
search would follow.
453
00:32:56,885 --> 00:33:00,522
The Russians would turn houses
upside down during the raid.
454
00:33:00,816 --> 00:33:04,732
They were searching for
partisan bunkers and archives.
455
00:33:04,732 --> 00:33:07,533
They used special
metal poles, two to
456
00:33:07,545 --> 00:33:10,284
three meters long,
to prod the earth.
457
00:33:29,084 --> 00:33:31,392
In my mind, I saw
the hundreds of
458
00:33:31,404 --> 00:33:33,928
graves where my
fellow fighters lay.
459
00:33:35,268 --> 00:33:37,412
Their bodies and
body parts would
460
00:33:37,424 --> 00:33:39,580
be collected from
the battlefield,
461
00:33:39,580 --> 00:33:44,260
tossed hastily into carts,
and brought to the town.
462
00:33:44,727 --> 00:33:47,863
The local Bolsheviks would
kick and beat them,
463
00:33:47,875 --> 00:33:50,755
drag them around, and
cut them into pieces.
464
00:33:53,241 --> 00:33:56,560
We saw the murdered partisans.
465
00:33:56,685 --> 00:33:58,536
Their corpses were
laid out on the
466
00:33:58,548 --> 00:34:00,255
path in front of
the high school.
467
00:34:00,288 --> 00:34:04,993
We looked at them, but could
barely recognize them.
468
00:34:05,040 --> 00:34:09,837
Their bodies were mutilated,
their clothes torn and tattered.
469
00:34:09,837 --> 00:34:12,940
Some were defiled and
others undressed.
470
00:34:12,965 --> 00:34:16,031
But we would piece
together their identities.
471
00:34:35,611 --> 00:34:39,936
Partisan life became
more difficult.
472
00:34:40,310 --> 00:34:45,151
The partisan supporters
themselves were starving.
473
00:34:46,043 --> 00:34:49,257
By the end of 1948,
life was much,
474
00:34:49,269 --> 00:34:52,126
much harder for the partisans.
475
00:34:58,272 --> 00:34:59,592
To break the resistance,
476
00:34:59,592 --> 00:35:01,821
the Soviets introduced
a sophisticated
477
00:35:01,833 --> 00:35:03,155
counter-insurgency unit
478
00:35:03,155 --> 00:35:04,719
called the smogikai.
479
00:35:04,859 --> 00:35:06,931
The smogikai were
captured partisans
480
00:35:06,943 --> 00:35:08,802
turned into Soviet
double agents.
481
00:35:08,802 --> 00:35:10,935
They infiltrated
the resistance to
482
00:35:10,947 --> 00:35:12,908
hunt down their
former comrades.
483
00:35:15,471 --> 00:35:18,902
The Smogikai were
former partisans
484
00:35:18,914 --> 00:35:21,275
captured by the Soviets,
485
00:35:21,275 --> 00:35:27,240
who were offered clemency
for their cooperation.
486
00:35:27,413 --> 00:35:30,013
Those Smogikai were
extremely vicious.
487
00:35:31,193 --> 00:35:33,600
We, the men and women of the
underground resistance,
488
00:35:33,600 --> 00:35:40,215
knew that arrest was inevitable.
489
00:35:40,215 --> 00:35:43,894
It was bound to happen
sooner or later.
490
00:35:43,894 --> 00:35:47,505
But, I know that
women were more
491
00:35:47,517 --> 00:35:51,249
resilient than men
during torture.
492
00:35:51,274 --> 00:35:54,312
Men were more likely
to break down faster.
493
00:35:54,761 --> 00:35:59,697
I would rather die
than inform on someone
494
00:35:59,709 --> 00:36:03,833
I worked closely
with for so long.
495
00:36:08,609 --> 00:36:10,151
After three years of fighting
496
00:36:10,151 --> 00:36:12,912
only a tenth of the
original partisans remained.
497
00:36:16,309 --> 00:36:18,379
We refused to believe
that the West
498
00:36:18,391 --> 00:36:20,184
would shamefully close its eyes
499
00:36:20,184 --> 00:36:22,423
as entire nations
were left to die.
500
00:36:23,488 --> 00:36:26,683
We did not believe that
Westerners could be that naive
501
00:36:26,683 --> 00:36:28,280
or unable to see past the
502
00:36:28,292 --> 00:36:30,396
manufactured lies
of the Soviets.
503
00:36:31,005 --> 00:36:35,322
We believed that freedom
would dawn once more.
504
00:36:36,275 --> 00:36:38,275
{an8}Looking from the perspective,
505
00:36:38,689 --> 00:36:41,881
{an8}I believe this was
a hopeless fight.
506
00:36:42,471 --> 00:36:46,561
{an8}But fight of an
undefeated nation,
507
00:36:46,883 --> 00:36:48,724
undefeated people,
508
00:36:49,067 --> 00:36:50,887
who in their hearts,
509
00:36:50,887 --> 00:36:52,402
in their spirit,
510
00:36:53,113 --> 00:36:56,102
knew that they are
going probably to die
511
00:36:56,528 --> 00:36:59,016
but they are not
going to be submitted
512
00:36:59,423 --> 00:37:03,551
to that brutal force
of communism.
513
00:37:05,063 --> 00:37:06,623
{an8}One must remember that
514
00:37:06,624 --> 00:37:10,176
{an8}many of these
people did not expect the
515
00:37:10,188 --> 00:37:13,598
Soviet occupation to
last a very long time.
516
00:37:13,675 --> 00:37:16,373
{an8}This really is an
understandable illusion
517
00:37:16,373 --> 00:37:18,766
{an8}because to admit to oneself
518
00:37:18,766 --> 00:37:22,279
{an8}that this would be a
generations long occupation
519
00:37:22,279 --> 00:37:24,165
{an8} would lead one
to great despair
520
00:37:25,063 --> 00:37:27,102
so there were a
number of illusions
521
00:37:27,114 --> 00:37:28,596
that were floating around.
522
00:37:28,596 --> 00:37:31,528
Of course, most people in
this country know them.
523
00:37:31,503 --> 00:37:35,554
The Americans will come or
World War I will repeat itself
524
00:37:35,579 --> 00:37:37,005
or something of this kind.
525
00:37:37,098 --> 00:37:41,443
Most of these people had grown
up in the early 20s and 30s.
526
00:37:41,443 --> 00:37:44,654
They remembered
that there had been
527
00:37:44,666 --> 00:37:47,889
independence wars
in 1918 And 1920.
528
00:37:47,889 --> 00:37:50,608
They remembered that
Lithuania had had
529
00:37:50,620 --> 00:37:53,351
to stand up and be
counted once before.
530
00:37:53,351 --> 00:37:56,151
One of the big problems,
tragedies really,
531
00:37:56,872 --> 00:38:01,015
is that I think the
Lithuanian challenge in 1945
532
00:38:01,015 --> 00:38:02,949
was fundamentally
different than the
533
00:38:02,961 --> 00:38:04,651
Lithuanian challenge
in the 1920.
534
00:38:04,676 --> 00:38:06,938
I think that many people died
535
00:38:06,950 --> 00:38:09,754
because they didn't
understand that.
536
00:38:20,896 --> 00:38:26,051
The partisans realized
that attacking towns and
537
00:38:26,063 --> 00:38:30,800
conducting ambushes was
no longer effective.
538
00:38:30,800 --> 00:38:34,734
We could not beat their Army.
There were too many of them.
539
00:38:34,896 --> 00:38:38,641
Under these conditions,
the partisans
540
00:38:38,653 --> 00:38:43,004
established a detachment
of "sleeper cells."
541
00:38:46,731 --> 00:38:49,390
When this new war was
waged, they were
542
00:38:49,402 --> 00:38:51,731
going to be mobilized
as soldiers.
543
00:38:54,520 --> 00:38:58,187
Of course we knew who would
start this war - America.
544
00:38:58,212 --> 00:39:00,169
But, unfortunately,
this did not happen.
545
00:39:01,029 --> 00:39:03,429
It did not happen.
But we had hope.
546
00:39:04,146 --> 00:39:06,740
As long as you are alive,
you always have hope.
547
00:39:07,730 --> 00:39:10,071
But it was hopeless.
548
00:39:52,372 --> 00:39:56,980
<i>CAROL SINGING</i>
549
00:40:00,910 --> 00:40:02,902
During Christmas of 1947,
550
00:40:02,902 --> 00:40:06,485
Juozas Luksa broke out of the
Soviet Union for a second time.
551
00:40:06,842 --> 00:40:09,656
His objective was to
deliver evidence of Soviet
552
00:40:09,668 --> 00:40:12,200
atrocities to the
governments in the West.
553
00:40:17,384 --> 00:40:19,962
{an8}It was a perfect December night.
554
00:40:19,987 --> 00:40:22,703
{an8}We marched through the
flat fields of Suvalkija
555
00:40:22,705 --> 00:40:24,720
{an8}towards our liaison point.
556
00:40:25,947 --> 00:40:29,394
Occasionally, a frightened owl
would rise up out of the bushes,
557
00:40:29,394 --> 00:40:31,521
or a startled rabbit
would run past.
558
00:40:32,730 --> 00:40:34,518
Somewhere off in the distance,
559
00:40:34,518 --> 00:40:36,518
we heard Russian
machine gun fire.
560
00:40:40,923 --> 00:40:42,383
Our task was difficult.
561
00:40:42,701 --> 00:40:45,840
It was the second time I was
going to be crossing the border.
562
00:40:46,078 --> 00:40:47,862
I had been given this mission
563
00:40:47,862 --> 00:40:51,207
after the men who previously
had been assigned the task
564
00:40:51,207 --> 00:40:55,520
were attacked by Soviets and
forced to blow themselves up.
565
00:41:00,395 --> 00:41:03,501
Luksa broke through the Iron
Curtain via Kaliningrad
566
00:41:03,526 --> 00:41:05,632
then made his way
through Poland
567
00:41:05,632 --> 00:41:07,864
and across the Baltic
sea to Sweden.
568
00:41:11,635 --> 00:41:13,693
{an8}In Stockholm, he
connected with a
569
00:41:13,705 --> 00:41:15,653
{an8}former classmate,
Jonas Pajaujis
570
00:41:15,653 --> 00:41:18,074
{an8}who was supporting the
resistance from Sweden.
571
00:41:19,762 --> 00:41:23,398
Once I connected with Luksa,
572
00:41:23,398 --> 00:41:27,751
my mission was to
establish contact
573
00:41:27,763 --> 00:41:32,007
with the Lithuanian
government in exile.
574
00:41:34,907 --> 00:41:39,307
But it took three
bloody months to
575
00:41:39,319 --> 00:41:43,240
convince them that
he was legit.
576
00:41:44,799 --> 00:41:54,793
They didn't trust us. They
suspected he was a KGB agent.
577
00:42:03,476 --> 00:42:05,360
In May of 1948,
&nbs