1080 FILMS
www.1080films.co.uk
RED TERROR
TO GREEN REVOLUTION[DA2]
(TV VERSION)
Copyright 1080 Film & TV LTD
by Mark Dodd
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Chapter
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VISION |
Narration/Actuality/Subtitles |
T/C |
MUSIC CUES |
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BLACK ANIMATED LOGO |
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0 00.00.03.18 |
MUTE |
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Pre-title tease 1 |
FADE IN
AH at night in torture cell BCU eyes, track out and up to ceiling. AH looking up to camera. CUT TO BLACK |
They call
me ‘Aba Hawi’ It means
‘man of fire It’s not my
real name
Godify - it
means |
00.00.12.00 |
CUE 1 Pre
Title
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Opening Seq Animated Title CAPTION |
ARIEL TRACKING SHOTS: DRAMATIC GREEN LANDSCAPES
ETHIOPIA RISING
FADE OUT |
(MUSIC Ethiopia. For many, a land of drought, famine and poverty. But things have changed in this corner of
the world.
And the transformation is nothing short
of miraculous.
In a
thirty-year struggle for survival, its people have transformed vast In once parched valleys crops
now grow in abundance. From
dried-up river beds… And for
the people Seen thought the eyes of an unlikely hero This is a story to bring hope to the climate
change generation.
It forged
This is
the untold story of
Ethiopia Rising.
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00.00.38.00 00.00.40.00 00.00.56.00 00.01.22.00 00.01.46.00 00.01.49 00.01.51.00 00.01.56
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CUE2 ‘Opening and Titles’
MUSIC
OUT
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CAPTION |
FADE IN Present day landscapes, archive images mixed
over mountain sides.
Narrated
by Hugh
Quarshie |
(NAT SOF)
This is Ethiopia today.
Life has been restored to this land.
And its population is now in a far stronger position to adapt to the consequences of climate change. |
00.01.58.00 00.02.00.00 00.02.04.00
00.02.14.00 |
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SLO MO Digging
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So how was this modern day miracle performed? No individual can claim sole credit. Not the government. Not even the myriad of aid agencies.
This is a story of vision,
dedication and[DA4] collabo … |
00.02.26.00 00.02.41.00 |
Cue 3
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INTRO: TIGRAY |
CGI Map
GVS Mountians Villlage life Boy with crops |
Our story begins here. In the far North of Ethiopia, in a region known as Tigray. Its dramatic landscape is home to hundreds of thousands[NA6] of families who rely on its soil and water for their survival. Life here today is by no means easy. But
it’s a world away from the famine-stricken terrain of the recent past |
00.02.49.00 00.02.52.00 00.02.59.00 00.02.07 |
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INTRO: AH |
GVS VILLAGE
HERO SHOTS AH WALKING
UP HILL |
Here in the village of Abreha Atsbeha
lives a remarkable man.
Some call him a visionary. Some would say he is a pioneer. To the villagers he is known simply as Aba Hawi -Man of Fire.
And the story of Ethiopia's |
00.02.17.00 00.03.23.00 |
Music fades Cue 4 ‘Man of
Vision’
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DAM CONSTRUCTION |
Aba Hawi is an environmentalist, innovator, and mass-mobiliser of people. Under his leadership t
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00.03.45.00 00.03.53.00
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CAPTION
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CLIP TR OOV Tony
Rinaudo Natural Resources Advisor, World Vision Australia |
you
could not achieve the massive changes that we see here unless you're a visionary, some most
definitely see Aba Hawi is a visionary. |
00.03.58.00 00.04.01.00 |
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CAPTION
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CLIP HS OOV Haileselassie
Desta Independent
Environment Expert OOV FADE OUT |
just enthusiasm to change
his community,
because he understands very well |
00.04.09.00 00.04.16.00 00.04.21.00 00.04.29.00 |
Music fade |
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CAPTION |
1971 |
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00.04.30.00 |
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AH YOUNG BOY |
FADE IN RECON: AH READY TO ENTERTAIN
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Aba Hawi is not his real name. His parents christened him ‘Godify’. It means
In a time of high infant mortality . |
00.04.33.00 00.04.37.00 |
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RECON: Godify |
(ACT: Music)
Before I came to Abre
This is
because my parents lost many male children
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00.04.52.17 00.04.58.00 00.05.03.01 00.05.09.19 |
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RECON: Godify AH IN VIS |
W
They said if
M
They
all gathered when I started playing.
Women,
young people, all
the community
That’s what I was known for.
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00.05.17.05 00.05.20.14 00.05.27.07 00.05.30.01 00.05.33.05 00.05.36.06 00.05.40.06 |
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RECON
MCU GODIFY RECON: GODIFY GODIFY
CU NAME
FADE OUT |
(ACT: Music) Godify’s parents died when he was 13 years old. Despite the trauma of losing his parents so
young, he had survived childhood.
It was a new beginning in every sense…
And so he changed it.
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00.05.42.12 00.05.46.14 00.05.52.10 00.06.01.11 00.06.03.10 00.06.14.05 00.06.23.00 00.06.29.21
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CUE 5 ‘One
man can make a difference’
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BLACK |
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FADE IN MCU GM |
It was here in Abreha Atsbeha that as a young man
his attention was drawn to the sorry state of his environment. |
00.06.32.07 00.06.35.16 |
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CLIP AH + TPLF ARCHIVE AH IN VISION |
I
noticed that people were facing problems.
and other problems
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00.06.43.23 00.06.48.03 00.06.52.15 00.06.55.21 00.06.59.24 |
Music fades |
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GVS FORESTS GVS
CATTLE |
The forests around villages in Ethiopia have always been susceptible to pressure from people. Trees
provide firewood for cooking, fodder for cattle, and wood can be sold providing cash for food in times
of famine. |
00.07.01.14 00.07.04.00 00.07.10.10 |
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AH CONFLICT |
RECON: GM |
And so he embarked on a journey
that would change the course of his life. He decided to
single-handedly protect the dwindling forest around his village[NA11] |
00.07.19.01 00.07.21.00 |
CUE 6 ‘One man can
make a difference’
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AH IN VISION OOV Recon |
I guarded
it whole eight years
W
I did so just to prevent the cutting of trees.
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00.07.41.12 00.07.44.04 00.07.45.22 00.07.47.18 00.07.50.06 |
Music
chopped by axe fx
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ACT. DRAMA ENEMIES |
Problem was, this plan would put him into direct conflict with many in the village. |
00.07.54.06 |
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ACT. DRAMA ENEMIES |
GM E1: We’re cutting trees! GM BOTH E: Why do you care?
GM GM E1: What other work is
there? GM: Go away! E1: What else are we meant to
do?
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00.08.03.22 00.08.05.13 00.08.06.13 00.08.08.07 00.08.09.18 00.08.12.02 00.08.13.08 00.08.19.15 00.08.21.12 |
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AH OOV CLIP & RECON AH IN VISION |
Wondering why, being so young, I chose to protect
the trees
They said: He is a young man, he could have cut trees… …sell and drink homemade
W
The community did not understand me.
will turn the area in to desert.
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00.08.26.01 00.08.27.21 00.08.30.02 00.08.32.06 00.08.33.24 00.08.36.04 00.08.38.11 00.08.41.10 |
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GVs landscapes |
In our present age of environmental awareness protecting trees is But Aba Hawi knew back then that without the extensive network of roots that trees and shrubs
provide, there would be no retention of the precious water when the rains eventually came. |
00.08.46.17 00.09.01.08 |
CUE |
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AH OOV GVs AH IN VISION |
I said, …and the land where
there are no trees its beauty and splendour and ability to catch
water.
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00.09.04.19 00.09.06.21 00.09.09.01
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RECON:GM |
You know, I even advised the old people not to cut
trees. I would tell them that cutting trees is wrong ‘What do you mean?’ they asked. They addressed me as a girl They said, ‘W
I would say,
My conflict with some people, because of trees,
was very harsh.
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00.09.11.05 00.09.14.05 00.09.18.07 00.09.23.24 00.09.26.03 00.09.28.13 00.09.30.13 00.09.32.12 00.09.34.03 00.09.35.22 |
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AH IN VISION AH OOV RECON |
They used to say that I was an arrogant young man.
They said, ‘We want to benefit from
cutting trees…’
‘ Trees can grow again, so what if we cut them now?’
‘Who ‘Who made him protector of
trees?’
‘
I don’t
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00..09.40.01 00.09.42.10 00.09.44.18 00.09.46.03 00.09.48.08 00.09.52.23 00.09.56.14 |
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TR INTRO |
RECON: GM patrolling mountain
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In
those early days, no one could have predicted that this outsider would eventually turn leader… and be
given yet another name. Today, Gebre-Michel is known as This time the name was
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00.10.02.16 |
Music fade
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AH in village
market TR in truck. GVs Field with TR
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(NAT SOF) These days Aba Hawi’s efforts to create a sustainable way of living
Tony Rinaudo
He is on a field trip, and en-route to Abreha Atsbeha he makes a quick stop to check on the
progress of a newly-restored area of land |
00.10.23.10 00.10.31.08 00.10.42.05 00.10.45.00 00.10.59.00
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CUE 8
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TR CLIP+OVERLAY TR IN VIS
TR OOV GVs
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in the early 1980s this area would have been almost completely
barren and stripped of the original vegetation, and the government and
communities have worked together to create So exclusion of livestock
and a limitation on what human activities can happen in the area, and
so over that period of time the natural vegetation has been able to
regenerate,
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00.11.07.00 00.11.21.00 00.11.26.00
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Travel shots TR arrives at house |
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00.11.33.16 |
CUE 9
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TR gets out of car
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so
I'm really looking forward to now revisiting Aba Hawi and the community to
see what they've done since 2010. |
00.11.40.01 |
Slow fade
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TR arrives at AH house |
TR: Is Aba Hawi here? (NAT SOF) |
00.11.57.19 |
Music OUT |
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TR and AH meet and greet |
(NAT SOF) AH: How are you? TR Yes, I’m good.
AH: Look at these plants. AH:These are oranges.
This is good. These avocados are a grafted variety.
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00.12.05.09 00.12.10.11 00.12.19.22 00.12.23.12 00.12.28.04 00.12.30.23 |
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GVs GARDENS |
The gardens surrounding his
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00.12.34.24 |
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AH clip in garden |
W
but when I started experimenting and filled it in
with soil
i
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00.12.42.00 00.12.47.19 00.12.50.13 |
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TR and AH inside house |
Back in his house Aba
Hawi has one more surprise he is eager to share. |
00.12.54.16 |
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They come from up to national and global level.
This is an award from
Brazil. Rio De Janeiro It’s a global award.
We …
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00.13.02.15 00.13.05.15 00.13.10.06 00.13.13.15 00.13.20.17 00.13.23.03 00.13.25.17 00.13.29.23 |
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TR and AH with awards
CU’s awards cabinet
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It’s clear that today’s accolades But |
00.13.33.04 |
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AH OOV TPLF
MARKET Present |
It was very
difficult. You could not get
At that
time whether it rained or not,
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00.13.48.16 00.13.51.17 00.13.53.11 00.13.58.15 00.14.02.10 00.14.07.16 00.14.11.13 00.14.14.15 00.14.17.14 00.14.21.01 00.14.23.02
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CUE 10 Famine Archive
1
Muisc fades
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MARKET DAY
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00.14.25.09 |
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THE DERG INTRO |
Stills TPLF
museum ARCHIVE: ITN SOURCE:. Mengistu Coup DUR: 25s 03ff Stills TPLF
museum
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500Km away in the capital Addis Ababa
On
September 12th 1974 The new regime was known simply as ‘The
Committee’, or in Amharic, the official national language (UP SOF) Its
emergent leader, Mengistu and then in 1977 A campaign known as The
Red Terror. Its one
simple goal; to eradicate all
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00.14.35.16 00.14.42.21 00.14.51.00 00.14.54.00 00.15.16.03 |
CUE 11 ‘The Derg’
Music out
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TA AT TPLF MEMORIAL |
Teklewioni Assefa is the head of REST, The Relief
Society of Tigray, a major local NGO.
He’s also a veteran
freedom fighter against The Derg. |
00.15.48.20 |
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TA CLIP |
Under the Derg number one there was this ‘R
A A |
00.16.00.16 00.16.04.21 00,16,13,07 00.16.18.00 |
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Background Red Terror |
GVs MUSEUM ADDIS
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00.16.24.00 |
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INT Red Terror
museum
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Its
walls are lined with images of victims of the Red Terror
campaign. These people are just a few of the
thousands estimated to
have been killed during the years |
00.16.29.18 00.16.35.00 |
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INTRO: TPLF |
TPLF ARCHIVE |
(ACT: NAT SOF)
But in the far north of the country, in
Aba Hawi’s region of Tigray, a guerilla army of peasant fighters proved
harder for the Derg to deal with.
The
Tigrean People’s Liberation
Front or TPLF had
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00.16.46.19 00.16.50.00 |
CUE 12 TPLF
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GVs ABREHA ATSBEHA
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The village of Abreha Atsbeha was caught in the middle of the
struggle between the TPLF and The Derg’s army.
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00.17.09.10 |
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GM RECON slo mo |
(ACT Not
subtitled)
And those that objected to Aba Hawi’s
environmental protection plans saw the conflict as an opportunity to get rid
of the young trouble-maker, and his inconvenient ideas. |
00.17.16.22 00.17.19.00 |
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GM RECON slo mo
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(ACT UP. Not
subtitled)
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00.17.30.15 |
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AH IN VISION |
They planned to attack me because of the trees.
T
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00.17.35.22 00.17.40.24
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RECON: GM Imprisoned |
GM: Where are you taking me? SOLDIER: We are taking you to where you belong! |
00.17.49.09 00.17.50.08 |
Music fades |
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RECON: GM AH IN VIS RECON: GM IN
CELL
FADE |
They hated me because I protected
They caught me and put me in a very small cell
For twenty-four days I was either sitting or
standing. |
00.18.01.01 00.18.04.05 00.18.07.20 00.18.10.19 00.18.14.07 00.18.18.10
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CUE 13 GM
OUT
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RECON: GM in cell with GUARDS |
(NAT SOF) Soldier: He’s |
00.18.28.05 00.18.40.15 |
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RECON: GM in cell
GM reunited
with sister FADE
OUT
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His time in solitary confinement
came to an end, thanks only to the (ACT: not subtitled)
Without her help, he would have almost
certainly died in that cell. (ACT: not subtitled)
But any relief he may have felt was short-lived
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00.18.45.17 00.18.53.14 00.18.56.03 00.19.01.22 00.19.05.01 |
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CAPTION |
1984 |
. |
00.19.10.00 00.19.11.23 |
CUE 14 ‘Famine
Archive 2’ |
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FADE UP |
ARCHIVE: TPLF ARCHIVE DUR 24.05 |
Only a few
years later he was fighting a losing battle In 1984 the
biggest famine to hit the country was about to strike.
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00.19.13.13
00.19.20.00 |
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CAPTION |
ARCHIVE: ITN
SOURCE DUR: 22s.16 BBC TV
NEWS
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00.19.37.24 |
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03.17.44 C |
TR OOV ARCHIVE TR IN VISION Tony Rinaudo World Vision Australia |
the depth and extent of
the famine was very very severe in 1984 85 people actually starved, many families left the
area going as far away as Sudan and I believe there were only 10 or 20
families left here in this community at that time. So suffering was very
severe. |
00.19.55.00 00.20.00.15 00.20.01.00 |
Music out |
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ARCHIVE: ITN SOURCE |
But what was less reported, even ignored,
were many of the
underlying The
suffering we |
00.20.12.06 00.20.22.21 |
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TA OOV TPLF
ARCHIVE + S/Ts TA IN VISION |
During the Derg time it was very bad for all
sectors of the population
because of the Derg was killing them there was And that’s why
‘ …it was a The famine was an opportunity for the Derg to kill
the people, to conscript So you see famine or hunger was a weapon of the
Derg. To kneel down the Ethiopian people. |
00.20.39.10 00.20.41.20 00.20.43.11 00.20.46.23 00.20.49.10 00.20.53.21 00.21.09.14 00.20.55.15 00.21.04.14 00.21.09.21 |
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TR IN VISION |
the
immediate causes of the 1984 85 famine was the drought but in fact human
activities leading up to that period |
00.21.15.06 |
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ARCHIVE: TPLF Exodus
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(NAT SOF) Those who survived through food aid or other
means were susceptible to being forcibly removed by the Derg from their homes.
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00.21.55.14 00.21.57.14 |
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AH OOV TPLF ARCHIVE AH IN VISION AH OOV TPLF ARCHIVE |
During that
time, we were attacked by the Derg …and
drought on the other.
They
o
…and those born to
Resettlement minimizes the opposing force.
People are
scattered, scared and terrified.
So, it was
just to annihilate the people.
Its slogan was ‘To catch
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00.22.05.08 00.22.06.13 00.22.08.01 00.22.10.04 00.22.13.03 00.22.17.13 00.22.21.03 00.22.23.13 00.22.28.24 00.22.32.03 00.22.35.03 00.22.40.07 |
CUE 15 ‘The Onslaught’ |
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RECON: |
(NAT SOF)
And one fateful day in January 1985… ACT S/T: This way!
the village of Abreha Atsbeha. |
00.22.44.16 00.22.51.20 00.22.55.21 00.22.57.05 |
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RECON: |
(ACT: PRIESTS CHANTING INTERCUT WITH SOLDIERS)
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00.23.06.12 |
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AH OOV RECON: |
It was Sunday . W
the
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00.23.37.09 00.23.40.22 |
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RECON Rock church attack cont S/Ts AH OOV |
(ACT: Soldiers shouting) OFFICER: Quick quick! OFFICER: Go, go!
WOMAN:Leave me alone!
OFFICER: Bring her here quickly!
FADE |
00.23.48.14 00.23.55.24 00.23.04.17 00.24.11.23 00.24.18.08 00.24.24.18 |
Music fades
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AH OOV: RECON: Derg night attack on village |
They
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00.24.30.05 |
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RECON: Derg night attack on Tukel. GM evades capture. |
Old Old man:
OFFICER |
00.24.40.23 00.24.42.21 00.25.46.16 00.25.07.17 |
CUE
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AH OOV: RECON: Derg
night attack on village cont
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The soldiers were taking people forcefully. If you
try to run, they shoot at you.
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00.25.11.08 00.25.13.06 |
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RECON: Derg
night attack on village cont FADE OUT |
That
day the village, along with so many others in the region suffered terribly. |
00.25.39.06 00.25.44.16 |
Mix to CUE 17 |
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FADE IN ARCHIVE: TPLF: Food convoys
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But ultimately, the [NA38] Derg’s attacks failed to
prevent the activities of the TPLF
fighters. Early
on in the conflict the TPLF had shown remarkable foresight. They
recognised the need to provide dedicated civil assistance to the suffering
population. They
created a humanitarian arm - The Relief Society of Tigray, or REST. REST
was at the forefront of relief efforts throughout the conflict years and
especially during the times of famine. Through
its logistical control, the grain donated from all over the world, was moved
from neigbouring Sudan, to the famine and war-ravaged region of Tigray.
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00.25.46.24 00.25.48.00 00.26.14.00 |
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AH IN VISION AH OOV TPLF
ARCHIVE |
The people
of Tigray were rehabilitated
The Derg
S REST
helped people to rehabilitate.
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00.26.32.11 00.26.35.16 00.26.37.18 00.26.40.09 00.26.46.20 |
Music out
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SET UP TA & AH
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(NAT SOF) Relief agencies like REST continue
It’s one of many organisations who, with
support from international donors, This Teklewioni Assefa, REST’s
director, has known Aba Hawi for many years. He’s catching up on the progress
of planting work surrounding the new Dam.
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00.26.50.04 00.26.56.07 00.27.11.00 00.27.19.00 |
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TA AND AH
WALKING CONVERSATION
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TA: How is the water and
soil conservation work going?
AH: Yes its AH:
work is very special.
AH:
Springs have emerged
and AH: Nature has been changed
for the better.
TA: What about your
crops? AH: Crop yields
AH: Before,
AH: T AH: b
TA: What about the check
dams, a
AH: The dams start
AH: The
AH:
AH:
TA:
AH: You can see the cattle
now AH:Before, people herded ten AH: …that didn’t even
produce one
AH …while destroying all
these hillsides.
AH: Now
AH: Farmers now get between twenty
AH: This was a desert
AH: We have transformed
this into something valuable
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00.27.28.22 00.27.32.23 00.27.34.16 00.27.40.02 00.27.44.21 00.27.49.01 00.27.51.09 00.27.53.05 00.27.55.10 00.27.57.14 00.28.01.05 00.28.03.10 00.28.07.03 00.28.11.13 00.28.16.18 00.28.19.07 00.28.20.17 00.28.22.14 00.28.24.15 00.28.28.08 00.28.31.16 00.28.35.03 00.28.39.18 00.28.41.08 |
CUE
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CHECK
DAM GVS
|
Check dams are one weapon in the
Firstly,
they slow and check the destructive, torrential flow of water during the rainy season.
The process is known as water harvesting. It’s a vital
technology ensuring continuous access to water for land
irrigation during the long months of the dry season.
|
00.28.46.00 |
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But perhaps the most remarkable thing about these constructions is
how they |
00.29.21.16 |
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Villagers constructing Dam |
Welcome to the building site. You won’t find
any power tools here. No cement
mixers. No heavy duty
excavators. Every single
stone is man-handled into position. It’s a master
class in community mobilisation. |
00.29.27.00 |
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AH Instructing operation |
Bring it quick! Bring the stone.
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00.29.44.22 |
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AH Instructing
operation |
And
mobilization is arguably Aba Hawi’s greatest skill. |
00.29.47.11 |
Music fades |
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AH OOV Check Dam construction AH IN VISION AH OOV |
This is a big check dam.
It’s already full of water.
We’re raising
s
That’s why we’re raising
There are no cash payments for this project.
The Government has
|
00.29.52.03 00.29.54.00 00.29.56.06 00.30.00.09 00.30.05.12 00.30.09.18 00.30.13.12 00.30.18.09 00.30.21.14 00..30.25.07 |
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AH
Instructing operation |
(NAT SOF)
Well done! Keep going! |
00.30.30.02 00.30.35.01 |
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CAPTION |
HS IN VISION Hailesassie Desta Independent Agroecology Expert HS OOV HS IN VISION
|
through time I just
observe him,, his commitment, just his ability to mobilize people, and his just enthusiasm to change his community |
00.30.36.18 00.30.43.15 00.30.50.10 00.31.07.08 |
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SET UP HS ON DAM |
Haileselassie Desta a local environment expert
has followed the restoration work here for many years.
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HS IN VISION
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On environmental restoration This
makes me just to love Aba Hawi,
|
00.31.24.00 00.31.42.02 |
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SET UP TR |
But
not all According to soil and water expert Tony Rinaudo, there is another And it lies buried, quite literally, under his feet. |
00.31.54.10 00.31.57.00 |
CUE 19
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TR IN VIS
OOV |
We’re about 100 m and what Aba Hawi and the
community of done here through a process called farmer managed natural
regeneration, or FMNR
and they've regenerated
about 930,000 trees in just the last four years
|
00.32.12.00 00.32.48.00 |
Music fades
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TR OOV FMNR |
the technique itself is very simple, it involves
reducing the number of stems growing from the tree stump so that there's less
competition, and then cutting back some of the side branches, so that you're
releasing that growth to grow straight and tall, and the result is phenomenal, trees grow very very rapidly
when that pruned in that way because very often that actually have a mature
root system in the ground that's fuelling the growth
|
00.33.07.00 00.33.09.00 |
CUE 20 |
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FADE |
Whether |
00.33.48.00 00.33.59.00 |
Music fades
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CAPTION |
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00.34.00.23 |
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RECON: GM Elected leader |
Aba Hawi has an undoubted gift in his
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00.34.04.00 00.34.17.00 |
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RECON: AH Elected leader |
MAN: Gebre-Michael is
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00.34.20.16 |
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It’s a
talent that was recognised [DA47] many
years ago…[MD48] |
00.34.31.00 |
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AH IN VISION AH OOV: GM
Elected leader
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Then when the Derg
in 1988
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00.34.20.16 00.34.27.03 00.34.30.17 |
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RECON: GM Elected leader
FADE OUT |
MAN: Those of you who think
for the next five
years, please raise your hands.
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00.34.36.11 00.34.39.03 |
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AH OOV: GM
Elected leader
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Some old people said I was too young.
Some said, ‘W
However, the vote was
given unanimously[NA49] .
|
00.34.42.17 00.34.45.07 00.34.49.16 |
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RECON:GM
Elected leader
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He galvanized his community. And he came to be
known as Aba Hawi, ‘the man of fire.’
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00.34.53.00 |
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RECON:GM
Elected leader |
Leader:
Congratulations. May you have long a life. |
00.34.59.00 |
CUE 21
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RECON:GM
Elected leader
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His new role coincided with the retreat of the Derg from Tigray in 1989. |
00.35.02.00 |
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CANOPY
OAK TREE FADE |
Two years later the rest of the country was
liberated by a coalition of rebel groups.
The years of red terror were finally over. The way was now clear for a green revolution. |
00.35.07.00 00.35.15.00 00.35.23.12 |
Music fades
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AH TRAVELLING TO HARAR |
It’s[NA52] spring time, and Aba Hawi is on a mission, far from home. |
00.35.25.15 00.35.32.00 |
CUE 22
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He is on the |
00.35.39.00 |
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TRAVEL SHOTS |
Aba Hawi wants to see for himself how other communities are working to conserve their environment. |
00.35.50.00 |
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AH & BA Arrive at Nursery site |
(ACT) First stop, a restoration site on a remote hillside near the town of
Chiro. Isayus Ketema
is a government soil and water conservation expert. He’s been working on
these hillsides for the past ten years. |
00.35.56.19 00.35.00.00 00.36.08.18 |
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AH & IK SYNC GREETING
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BA BA:
IK:
AH: AH: i
IK: The trees are protected. IK: The people now regret having previously caused
such devastation. IK:
They regret it because they started to face
problems that kept on getting worse.
IK:
AH: What’s happening over there?
IK: That
IK: IK:… the area that was
totally degraded.
AH: I can see olive and I see young seedlings growing. AH:
IK: Some have grown by themselves others were planted.
AH: Having done all this, what are the effects on
the water levels here? AH: Have they increased or not?
IK: Natural conservation work high in the hills
brings results downstream. IK:
|
00.36.17.05 00.36.20.01 00.36.24.24 00.36.28.02 00.36.32.04 00.36.36.19 00.36.40.02 00.36.41.22 00.36.46.16 00.36.52.05 00.36.57.03 00.37.00.07 00.37..04.00 00.37.06.13 00.37.12.14 00.37.16.13 00.37.20.17 00.37.26.14 00.37.30.13 00.37.35.06 00.37.44.24 |
Music fades
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AH and IK at dry river bed |
It’s
becoming apparent that Aba Hawi’s reputation has gone before him. Isayus is
keen to show him a problem further down the mountain. |
00.37.47.00 |
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AH & IK AT RIVER BED
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IK: As you can see, upstream IK
…and flooding has decreased. IK: Despite this there’s still a problem in the town
with flooding.
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00.37.56.11 00.38.01.05 00.38.04.14 |
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GVs river bed |
During the rainy season this As well as flooding the main road through Chiro it’s causing other, year-round problems |
00.38.10.00 |
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GVs Gully |
This vast
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00.38.22.00 |
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Women crossing gully Sync |
It’s causing
real difficulties for the local people. |
00.38.27.00 |
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AH & IK |
But
leaning on his thousands of hours’ experience back home, mobilizing and
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00.38.32.00 |
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GVs Dry river bank |
He can see
immediately what needs to be done. |
00.38.43.00 |
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AH & IK AT RIVER BED FADE |
AH: It could be contained by using wire mesh
This approach could control things.
Then the town wouldn’t
Then the
Firstly you conserve the soil
s
If water and farmers are not in harmony
thes
This is what I advise.
|
00.38.46.15 00.38.51.19 00.38.56.22 00.39.03.06 00.39.06.01 00.39.07.15 00.39.09.11 00.39.12.04 00.39.15.23 00.39.19.21 00.39.23.00 |
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AH at half moon pits |
FADE IN GVs Landscape SLO MO digging MEN and WOMEN
digging planting pits
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(ACT: It’s the last
day of Aba Hawi’s trip. (ACT:
CHANTING/DIGGING) Women from the
surrounding villages are working together with the men to form a vast array
of planting pits. Nothing
unusual here you might think. But it took nothing less than a change in the
law to allow these women to take part in this work. Aba Hawi wants
to know more.
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00.39.25.00 00.39.42.00 00.39.44.00 00.39.49.00 00.39.57.00 00.40..05.00 |
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AH TALKS TO WOMAN OOV Landscape Aerials |
AH: Here in your
community, what‘s life like for women? Especially
W: We are satisfied
with the situation here
had been like these
times.
We work together with
our husbands
and working with our
brothers and collecting
and taking care of the
small trees. (ACT: CHANTING)
AH: What’s
I
W: We are participating
and contributing to the community.
We work on the land
We control the flooding
so that it doesn’t wash away our soil
In
a the only thing we had were the clothes
on our
But now
and if not we share our property
equally and leave.
Insults and hitting
have ceased. We are living in harmony.
|
00.40.08.02 00.40.11.00 00.40.16.02 00.40.21.17 00.40.24.12 00.40.28.22 00.40.33.19 00.40.38.00 00.40.43.05 00.40.46.24 00.40.53.07 00.40.57.18 00.41.02.15 00.41.10.16 00.41.12.24 00.41.16.02 00.41.20.09 00.41.25.13 00.41.29.16 |
CUE 23
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GVs Big landscapes GVs Aerials
planting pits |
The industrial scale of
this regeneration work is plain to see. And just like the check dams back in Tigray, there is no help from machinery
here. These planting pits, all dug by hand, will hold the forests of the future. |
00.41.38.00 |
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Digging planting pits GVs Cows Girl with bag Cows AH with
farmers |
Knowledge-sharing between regions of Ethiopia has been going on for some
time. In fact this part of the country was first to experiment
with a technique known as ‘cut and carry’. Instead of letting animals graze freely, they are
tethered and the food is taken to them. This allows the land to regenerate,
while the better control of the feed has increased milk and meat yields. It also gives the children more time to do their
studies, as now they are not herding animals all day. This simple innovation has been another important
factor in the success of this green revolution. But it in Abreha Atsbeha it wasn’t an easy sell
at first. Government agricultural advisors had to work hard
to convince Aba Hawi.
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00.41.57.00
00.42.08.00 00.42.35.00 |
Music fades
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AH OOV Pit digging AH IN VISION FADE |
AH: Coming here has been advantageous. What I have learned here I
will take back with me and what I have brought here, I will share. |
00.42.56.10 00.42.58.21 00.43.01.13 |
CUE 24 |
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FADE IN GVs Village
huts and people
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The ways in which Ethiopia’s landscape has been
transformed take many forms. |
00.43.05.13 00.43.13.21 |
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But by far the most
impressive change
is
Vast
areas of steep hillsides and mountains have been terraced to enable tree
regeneration and crop planting. This in turn improves natural resilience further down the valley. |
00.43.19.00 00.43.30.00 |
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TR OOV GVs TR IN VISION TR OOV mass
labour countour walls |
the transformation in
the landscape has been massive over the last few decades, it's gone from being 50% bare land to
having the largest area of forest within the district of any other district It's involved natural regeneration
particularly on the hillsides, it's involved digging hundreds of kilometers
of contour ditches, building dozens of check dams in the deep gullies in the
stream. And the effect this has had is to cause |
00.43.45.00 00.43.50.07 00.44.05.17 |
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GVs SLO MO terracing
|
It’s been estimated that the total area treated by terracing is over one million hectares. Ninety
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00.44.29.00 |
Music out
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The roots of this terracing programme can be traced back to the mid 1980s, during the time of the civil war. In the midst of
conflict, incredible things can happen. The
TPLF embarked on a programme of free mass labour. Under this scheme, everyone had to donate forty days of their time for conservation
work. |
00.44.45.00 |
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CAPTION |
TA OOV
TA IN VISION Teklewoini Assefa Executive
Director, REST TA OOV Hill
terracing |
…
from
Europe to Tigray. T
as
has to volunteer for the environmental
rehabilitation and soil conservation.
So it has become a civil service programme. And it will continue.
|
00.45.06.24 00.45.13.04 00.45.17.10 00.45.21.12 00.45.25.21 00.45.28.10 00.45.31.20 00.45.38.12 00.45.44.10 00.45.49.01 00.45.55.22 00.46.01.11 00.46.06.05 00.46.11.17 |
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COACH TRIP of NGOs |
(NAT SOF)
Decision
makers and technical experts are being drawn in increasing numbers
to Ethiopia. This
field trip to Southern
Tigray has delegates from over twelve countries. They
are here to see first hand the impressive results of environmental restoration projects, many of which have
received international funding. |
00.46.13.01 00.46.16.08 00.46.19.00 00.46.31.00 |
CUE 25
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CAPTION |
SD OOV Visitors to project site SD IN VISION Steve
Danyo World
Bank SD OOV
restored hills GVs |
This land just six
months ago was degraded, and landless youth were working the land to try to
bring it back into production, and that’s been done now and also
a small community irrigation scheme was
put in, so now they are growing fruit trees papaya mango, cabbage some other
things in here, and its going to be parceled out to those landless youth so its really a way to
create jobs to give the youth a bit of a more of a future more of a hopeful
future and boost their livelihoods by rehabilitating the land. (ACT) |
00.46.40.00 00.46.46.14 00.46.59.13 00.47.10.00 |
Music out
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VISITORS AT
RESTORATION SITE |
Collaboration
is once again seen as the key to
success
here. Collaboration on all levels. From
the national and regional governments where restoration is a pillar of policy- making. From
international donors who provide cash and technical expertise needed to scale up the activities on the
ground. And of
course the communities themselves. Wanjira
Mathai is chair of the Green Belt movement, an organisation founded by her
late mother and Nobel peace prize winner, Wangari Mathai |
00.47.14.00 00.47.37.00 |
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CAPTION |
WM IN VISION Wanjira
Mathai Chair, Green Belt Movement WM OOV
Hillside workers
|
The success of the
restoration that we’ve seen in Ethiopia is a classic example of collaborative
effort and collaborative impact. They’ve experienced impact in probably what
is record time but its thanks to the collaboration of
government, institutions,
|
00.47.47.00 00.47.49.22 00.47.50.20 00.47.58.10 |
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AH harvest 2 |
HARVESTING WITH ABA HAWI |
(NAT SOF) AH:Are you going to finish
Try not to leave anything
So you’ll
MEN: Yes!
|
00.48.13.15 00.48.20.22 00.48.25.07 00.48.30.02 00.48.34.14 00.48.36.02 |
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HARVESTING
WITH ABA HAWI GVs Goats HARVESTING
WITH ABA HAWI FADE |
It’s late summer Here in
the valley crop yields have doubled. But it’s been a long journey to
get to this point. Aba Hawi, his community, and
the rest of Ethiopia have had to contend with the twin attacks of drought and
conflict.
A challenge that would threaten
|
00.48.39.00 00.49.03.00 00.49.10.00 00.49.24.06 |
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CAPTION |
1998 |
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00.49.26.09 |
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FADE IN RECON: Village decides to stay AH OOV
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(ACT: Villagers)
In 1998 was very different.
There was famine only in this area
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00.49.29.20 00.49.33.21 00.49.37.06 |
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AH OOV RECON
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T area is
‘even if it rains ther ‘
So
and what options they had
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00.49.40.12 00.49.45.11 00.49.50.19 00.49.53.05 00.49.54.22 00.49.57.23 |
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RECON: Village decide to stay
|
Man against: OK this is how I see it…
…
I We can’t change
anything here.
Working here is
exhausting.
So I think it’s
Man for: If we stay here and work hard day and
night
our children will be
able to stay here.
I don’t think we should
take
Now we will work day
and night… …
Leader: So, those of
you who feel that our land is too t
(chatter)
Leader: Those of you
who believe can
through hard work, and
change our land and environment
please raise your
hands. (Chatter)
Leader: The majority
have voted to stay. (Applause)
|
00.50.00.10 00.50.03.17 00.50.07.16 00.50.11.10 00.50.12.21 00.50.16.17 00.50.20.12 00.50.23.06 00.50.25.01 00.50.28.20 00.50.31.02 00.50.34.13 00.50.36.07 00.50.39.06 00.50.42.18 00.50.45.18 00.50.51.06 00.50.54.10 00.50.57.13 00.50.59.10 00.51.00.20 00.51.01.23 00.51.04.12 |
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AH IN VISION |
Those who wanted to leave
Around thirty to forty
w through work
decided not to leave.
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00.51.10.07 00.51.13.24 00.51.18.12 00.51.20.07 00.51.22.24 00.51.24.05 |
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Village
decides to stay |
RECON:
NIGHT
TIME LINE OF VILLAGERS
RECON:NIGHT TIME HILL WORKING |
(Chanting)
The
crisis marked a tipping point.[NA56] The community realised that unless they raised
their game, their village would die. And so began the final push. Working
through the night Nothing could stop them. |
00.51.25.15 00.51.28.00 |
CUE 26
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AH OOV:
RECON:NIGHT TIME HILL WORKING AH IN VISION AH OOV |
All the were developed using lanterns at n
We also used flashlight. We could
(ACT CHANTING BUILDS)
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00.51.50.16 00.51.53.21 00.51.57.21 00.51.59.06 00.52.02.07
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Music xfades to |
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AERIAL GVs
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(NAT SOF) The
hard work and commitment paid off. Since the year two thousand Abreha Atsbeha’s forest cover has increased to forty percent of the available land area. The government’s commitment to national sustainable land management programme has ensured the story of
Ethiopia’s green revolution continues right across the county
|
00.52.08.13 00.52.11.06 00.52.24.00 |
CUE 27 Music fades
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CGI ANIMATED MAP |
These wide
scale images of Ethiopian districts show the increase in forest and shrub
cover from the year two thousand, up to twenty-ten. Environmental
transformation on this scale is impressive enough |
00.52.33.12 00.52. 35.00 00.52.59.00 |
CUE 28 |
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SPRING WATER AND CULTIVATING |
But other fundamental changes could go easily unnoticed. |
00.53.05.00 |
music out
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SET UP WM AND AH |
Wanjira
Mathai, from the Greenbelt Movement, has spotted something quite incredible
near Aba Hawi’s village To the
undiscerning eye, this may not look much. But Wanjira gets it straight away |
00.53.10.00 |
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WM AT WELL HEAD |
Beautiful to see this well that doesn’t stop
flowing.
I don’t think I’ve ever seen anything like this
ever. This is really amazing, they’ve even had to plug
it to reduce the flow, imagine that, clearly a function of all the other work that’s going on around these
hills. |
00.53.23.00 |
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I don’t think I’ve ever
seen so many people hard at work doing hard manual work as I saw in Ethiopia.
That has moved me and perhaps ever changed the way I see community work.
It is possible, nothing
is impossible, they were digging, each one bought their own hoes, and what
seemed like lunch time, they were still digging, so I was most impressed by
community, mobilisation and commitment. |
00.53.39.00 00.53.51.12 |
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(NAT SOF) It’s now late in the year, and Aba Hawi’s household
is making
early morning preparations
for the annual village festival. |
00.54.06.00 00.54.100 |
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Situated high up in a cliff [NA59] face on the edge of the
village, this ancient orthodox[NA60] [MD61]
church attracts thousands of pilgrims from all over Ethiopia. |
00.54.23.00 |
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PILGRIMS
DANCING |
(SINGING AND MUSIC) |
00.54.33.00 |
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The centuries-old festival[NA62]
is the largest of its kind. And by the evening many visitors head to Aba Hawi’s house to
continue to party. |
00.54.52.00 |
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EVENING PARTY
AT ABA HAWI’S |
(MUSIC AND CHATTER) |
00.55.00.00 |
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EVENING PARTY AT ABA HAWI’S AH WITH OLD
ENEMIES |
The
harvest is in so it’s a time when
everyone can
relax and celebrate.
But the men [NA63] [MD64]now
sharing a drink with Aba Hawi have more reason than most to be thankful. These
men are the very same people who betrayed him to the Derg all those years
ago. It would seem that time has been a remarkable
healer. |
00.55.04.00 00.55.09.00 |
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AH WITH OLD ENEMIES |
AH:
How was your day?
You like beer!
OE1
But |
00.55.26.15 00.55.30.06 00.55.32.22 00.55.37.02 00.55.39.05 |
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FADE
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O We never thought that things change for the
better.
When I see the I wish I was a young man of thirty.
I used to ask What’s the reason?
I had a lot of hate and bad intentions towards
you.
O
…you know I was a strong
All our environment was just dust…
We never thought it would be as good as this.
Now we have everything in our village. These days, never mind Abreha Atsbeha, we are known
throughout Ethiopia and not only Ethiopia… the whole world. There is no limit to our happiness. OE2: Let me add something here. I am nearly seventy years old. In these seventy years I have never seen anything
like what we have
now. We tried hard to get him into trouble. We tried to get him punished by the authorities. Though he is one of us, our brother, we were
asking… What is he doing? We thought he was doing harm. And we strived to harm him a lot. We made a mistake.
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00.55.43.08
00.55.45.04
00.55.48.13
00.55.53.00 00.55.55.20 00.55.58.08 00.56.03.07 00.56.05.03
00.56.10.04
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00.56.21.21
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00.56.35.09
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00.56.45.24 00.56.52.05
00.56.58.18
00.57.02.09 00.57.03.22
00.57.06.16
00.57.11.04 00.57.13.00 |
CUE 29 |
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RECAP FOOTAG
RECAP SLO MO MONTAGE |
Many years have passed since the boy known as
worthless became today’s man of fire. Old wounds have healed. But it’s not just the people
who have moved on. The nation has. |
00.57.32.21 |
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23.35.00
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WM IN VISION |
I would say the global
perception about Ethiopia in the global north but also right here in Africa is the 80’s,the image of
Ethiopia in the 80’s that many people have, that is so completely
dated, Ethiopia has so
changed, there is amazing commitment, local movements, people providing their
own food in some of the most
difficult terrains. Ethiopia of the 80’s is long gone |
00.57.46.01
00.57.58.06
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07:25 :15 -07:25 :25 |
AH AH IN VISION AH OOV AERIALS |
(MUSIC UP)
There’s a lot more to be done.
A lot has been achieved.
And there’s a lot more to be done, which we will achieve.
At the
I would like to give a message to the
authorities:
In the time you are in power…
you must work day and night to bring about change
in a country.
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00.58.14.18 00.58.17.00 00.58.19.14
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WM OOV AERIALS WM IN VISION |
they have transformed a
landscape in Ethiopia that was previously considered a basket case, that is incredible, and perhaps
unprecedented. |
00.58.38.00
00.58.45.12 |
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SWEAPING
AERIAL LANDSCAPES WELL AND GIRL |
(MUSIC UP) Just over a decade ago this place was barren,
hostile to human life. Three decades ago, from a not so distant place,
our TV screens were filled with images of terrible suffering. Now, water simply pours out of the ground.
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END SEQ
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COMMUNITY TERRACING,
AH WATCHING, MOVES CLOSER TO CAMERA, ZOOM IN TO EYES
SLOW TO FREEZE FRAME
SLOW FADE
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I am proud
of what we have achieved here.
We,
together, have moved more earth and stone…
…than it took to build the pyramids.
Back when I
was a child…
…when I was known as ‘Worthless’
But now I
can see that what we have created here in Ethiopia…
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00.59.16.08 00.59.18.06 00.59.21.19 00.59.24.19
00.59.29.10 00.59.31.08
00.59.33.22 00.59.37.03
00.59.44.04 00.59.46.04
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CAPTION
CAPTION CAPTION CAPTION CAPTION
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FADE UP We would like to thank
the following for their generous support in the
making of this film: Mekelle University Dr. Kindeya Gebrewihot Professor Mitiku Haile, Ethiopia Delegation to
UNESCO TPLF Museum Video Archive The people of Abreha
Atsbeha
Produced and directed by Mark Dodd Assistant Producer Ashley Norton Associate Producer Chris Reij Music composed by David Poore |
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00.59.49.00 00.59.59.20 01.00.03.19 01.00.07.18 01.00.11.17 |
CUE 30 |
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Roller
CAPTION BLACK Hold to END PROG
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Director of Photography Mark Dodd Location Sound
Location Fixer and Translator Berhane Achame Editor
Audio Mixing and Sound Design Bennet Maples Sound effects editor Jake Kenny Foley Carl Cole Graphics
Sarah Tewolde-Berhan Eden Kidane
This film was made with funding and support from
the following institutions: World Bank Ethiopia Both Ends
Copyright
1080 Film and Television 2015 |
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01.00.15.21 01.01.05.23 01.01.10.18 01.01.23.09 |
Music fades |
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[2] Tony Rinaudo
[3] John
Seaman and Julius
Holt, "The Ethiopian
Famine of 1973-4:
I. Wollo Province," Proceedings
of the
Nutrition Society, 34, 1975, p. 114A. The Ethiopian Nutrition
Institute calculated a figure of
200,000 deaths but
this appears to have been based on
over-pessimistic assumptions about the size of the famine-affected population.
[6] https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/et.html
[10] Robert D. Kaplan ‘Surrender or Starve’2003
[DA1]It sounds armed conflict especially when used with “Red Terror” immediately.
[DA2]We are mixing politics - “Red Terror” (I assume it is referring to 1977-78 political conflict), environmental changes – “Green Revolution”. Can we think of environmental title, e.g., barren land or no vegetation or …..
[DA3]We are mixing politics and environment. See my comment above.
[DA4]It was not just collaboration. There was a vision (along with AH, the gov’t should be acknowledged), dedication (community and champions should be acknowledged) and collaboration (by the way sp. is incorrect).
[MD5]agreed
[NA6]hundreds of thousands
[NA7]of the not so distant past or 30 years ago or something that sticks with the mention of the ‘1980s’ earlier.
[DA8]May be an error.
[MD9]Transliteration. Bracketed text to be deleted.
[NA10]Can you develop this…new beginning etc?
[NA11]But an idea began to germ in Gebre-Michel’s mind. He realized that the trees had to be protected. But acting n this would put himself….
[NA12]You need to make more of this name change. It’s a key element to his narrative. – eg. The young Gebre-Michel continued relentless to protect the trees were early signs that he was an exceptional person. His relentless efforts were eventually reflected in his name. He is no longer know as Gebre-Michel, but was given the name of Aba Hawi.
[DA13]Are we talking about local community in Ethiopia or “community of environmental experts” around the world? By linking these two in one sentence, it appears that livelihood of local community was known within the community members who were environmental experts. My guess is that it is referring to community members locally (during that time frame) and environmental experts around the world now.
[MD14]Talking about the wider world of ‘experts’ as oppopsed to mainstream.
[DA15]This is bit long. Maybe good to have an Ethiopian’s interview to complement Tony’s message.
[NA16]When he was just starting out protecting trees
[DA17]Are we still talking about 1970s? If yes, let’s say “But as drought turned into yet another famine in 197[X]” If not, a transition is needed, e.g., in the 1980s (or 1990s if it is the case), the impact of resource degradation coupled with recurring drought turned into yet another famine…...
[MD18]1973 inserted
[DA19]Is this sp. correct? Should it be overthrow?
[DA20]“The Red Terror” problem is after 1978, but the resource degradation issue highlighted above was there prior to it, i.e., Marxist got it as a legacy issue. So the title, “Red Terror to Green Revolution” may be half the story. The Red Terror appears to further exasperate the resource degradation situation. I suggest we change the title and minimize the use of the term “Red Terror”.
[DA21]We are mixing issues here. I don’t think it is needed to bring details of Red Terror discussion, e.g., “an accomplished mass-killer”, “East German”, “killing machine”, etc. We may want to minimize political statement but highlight the impact of lack of resource management during the period on the land, forest and water. Please have this text also checked with EXT.
[NA22] 34 years
[NA23]On the cliff face
[NA24]Is it orthodox or copt or are they the same thing?
[MD25]orthodox
[NA27]Some of the men
[MD28]No, pictures make it clear who we are talking about
[NA29]Hi sister who did what?
[NA30]Earlier Aba Hawi mentioned 24 days
[NA31]Only a few years later, or returning to his environmental protection work he was fighting a loosing battle.
[DA32]We may want to move this section above. Chronologically, this should be before “Thirty years on……” section.
[MD33]The timeline swittches back and forth between present day and Aba Hawi’s histoty. The historical sections are chronological. The alternative is to have one block of history follolwed by one block of contemporary.
[NA34]Many of the underlying causes
[NA35]One of these infamous fishing trips
[NA36]Is it called mass?
[MD37]yes
[NA38]That fateful day the village like so many others all over the tigry region suffered terribly but
[NA39]That fateful day the village like so many others all over the tigry region suffered terribly but
[NA40]Is working
[NA41]Maybe this needs more set up. It’s an addition to the rest, which will greatly help an d thankfully this time around isn’t so labour intensive
[NA42]The people are discovering that there are solutions that quite literally lie buried beneath their feet. And these require virtually no effort.
[DA43]Again, Tony has a long narration here. May be good to have local expert say the same thing and cut down on expat talking about these things.
[NA44]Could soften Tony’s input by contextualizing it as sharing knowledge from other parts of Africa (Niger) this would link into the next section when Aba Hawi goes on his trip to discover new knowledge-
[DA45]This this the right word? If we say recognized, then the question is, who recognized him to have this talent?
[MD46]Answered below.
[DA47]This this the right word? If we say recognized, then the question is, who recognized him to have this talent?
[MD48]Answered below.
[NA49]I believe this is the last recon. Maybe you should find a way of letting the viewer know that the historical story has ended. We’ll now only see the present benefits
[NA50]I believe this is the last recon. Maybe you should find a way of letting the viewer know that the historical story has ended. We’ll now only see the present benefits
[MD51]More recon to come!
[NA52]Since those days, Aba Hawi’s incredible journey has continued. Today, he is no less on a mission as he was back in his youth. He hasn’t lost the fire…
[NA53]No far
[NA54]Leaning on his vat knowledge and experience from back home
[NA55]Yields have increased…a few stats.
[NA56]This crisis galvanized (was a tipping point) the villagers. Supported from above they made the government programs work through mass mobilization…
[DA57]But it was done before as well. So, what is new and different this time? Maybe the community watershed guidelines, maybe mass mobilization promoted by the government, or maybe new technology such as terracing the upper hillsides combined with area closures, etc. with strong technical assistance.
[NA58]This crisis galvanized (was a tipping point) the villagers. Supported from above they made the government programs work through mass mobilization…
[NA59]On the cliff face
[NA60]Is it orthodox or copt or are they the same thing?
[MD61]orthodox
[NA63]Some of the men
[MD64]No, pictures make it clear who we are talking about
[NA65]and
[DA66]Tony has been highlighted several times. Is he really instrumental or there were others as well? Or is it to promote World Vision? Let’s be careful about highlighting one partner when there are many who partnered in this process.
[MD67]See below
[DA68]This seems again Tony’s narration. Let’s cut it down, else this video is going to be a promotion of Tony and World Vision rather than documenting the landscape transformation in Ethiopia and drawing lessons.
[MD69]TR is not representing WVE. His contribution is as an outside envionmentel expert who can contextualize the improvments and add some charisma and enthusiasm.