BAKU: THE CITY OF ALI AND NINO
POST-PRODUCTION SCRIPT (13.10.14)
Waves on beach Sea bird flying |
10.00.00 |
MUSIC |
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10.00.06 |
PAUL THEROUX I knew nothing but Azerbaijan. I'd never heard the
word Baku. |
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10.00.11 |
NARRATOR In 1970 |
MCU Paul Theroux at his desk |
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the writer Paul Theroux reviewed a book that had
been lost to the world for over 30 years.. |
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10.00.19 |
PAUL THEROUX I found Baku on the |
Map showing Black Sea, Caspian Sea, and Baku |
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map. In the first paragraph of the review I said, on the hawk nose of a
peninsula, Baku in the Caspian. |
Book: Ali
and Nino by Kurban Said |
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I was always looking for a book that had dropped through the cracks,
and when I found it |
MCU Paul Theroux |
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it was different from all the other books that I'd read. |
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Mountain scenery |
10.00.36 |
NARRATOR It was a love story. |
B/W archive: solders on horseback in
mountain scenery |
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Tangled up in a war between rival empires. |
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10.00.45 |
PAUL THEROUX It's a story of two cultures, |
MCU Paul Theroux |
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it's a story of Asia and Europe. |
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Priests and people in church |
10.00.50 |
MUSIC |
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10.00.53 |
NARRATOR On one side is the might of Christian Russia struggling to hold its
empire together. |
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Woman unwrapping Koran |
10.00.59 |
MUSIC |
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10.00.59 |
NARRATOR On the other side, peoples of the Koran, Shi'ite |
CU Koran |
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and Sunni. |
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View
of Baku from stone building |
10.01.06 |
FUAD AKHUNDOV The whole plot of the
book is that the two major characters, the |
MCU
Fuad Akhundov |
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Azeri Muslim Khan and
the Georgian Christian princess, they seem to live with one and the same
geographical concept of Baku, yet |
View
of Baku from stone building |
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they live in two
different worlds. |
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10.01.20 |
MUSIC |
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10.01.23 |
NARRATOR It was the dawn of the |
B/W
archive: street scene with traffic |
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20th century,
everything was |
B/W
archive: car in desert |
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changing. |
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10.01.27 |
PAUL THEROUX I had this strong
feeling of identification of a place |
B/W
archive: soldiers on horses |
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where the rumbles of
empire were reverberating there and the people were where the rumbles of
empire were reverberating there and the people were |
MCU Paul Theroux |
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feeling these
vibrations of world events. |
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B/W
archive: solders on horses ride past oil derricks |
10.01.38 |
MUSIC |
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10.01.40 |
NARRATOR The fuel of change is |
Shots
of oil pumps |
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oil, in vast
quantities, beneath the land where the lovers met. |
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10.01.48 |
PAUL THEROUX The novel tells you
everything, it fills in this |
MCU Paul Theroux |
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empty place on the map,
it suddenly becomes alive and real. |
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Shots
of men playing dominoes on streets of Baku |
10.01.54 |
MUSIC |
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10.01.56 |
NARRATOR Above all, it tells the
story of how the people of Ali's city first won their freedom. |
People
walking along street |
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10.02.03 |
PAUL THEROUX It's local, it’s
national, |
MCU Paul Theroux |
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and it's timeless. |
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High
shot Baku, Flame Towers in distance, national flag in foreground |
10.02.07 |
MUSIC |
Titles: Baku The city of Ali &
Nino |
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10.02.14 |
NARRATOR This is Baku today - a |
High
shot Baku |
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great city in an
independent country. Steeped in history, but embracing modernity. |
Low
shot Flame towers |
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A bridgehead between
east and west. |
Mountainous
countryside shots |
10.02.33 |
But it wasn’t always
so. |
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Two hundred years ago, this
strange and beautiful landscape lay on the edge of other people's empires.
The Russians to the north. The ottomans to the west. |
Birds
flying over sea |
10.02.51 |
The Persians to the
south. |
B/W
archive: Baku city shots |
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And the focal point was
Baku, then a small city where people from all these three empires converged
for trade and travel. |
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0.03.05 |
FUAD AKHUNDOV subtitles The market place was
the most lively place in town |
MCU
Fuad Akhundov standing in patio |
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This was its |
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beating heart |
Caption: Fuad Akhundov Baku historian |
10.03.16 |
This small oriental
citadel was the hub that linked many trade and caravan routes. |
Shots
in market |
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10.03.25 |
NARRATOR Baku in those early
days |
B/W
archive: eastern culture in Baku |
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had been a Persian
city, with the culture and customs of the east. |
B/W
still: building in Baku |
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And that was the world
to which the novel's hero, |
B/W
archive: views over Baku |
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Ali Khan, belonged. |
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Caption: Ali & Nino by Kurban Said |
10.03.39 |
READER I went up to the flat roof,
form there I could see my world. |
Fortress
wall Inscriptions
on gate |
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The massive wall of the
town's fortress, Arabic inscriptions at the gate. |
POV
shot going through old city |
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Inside the old wall,
the streets were narrow and curved, like oriental daggers. |
B/W
archive: people walking in town |
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Minarets pierced the
mild moon. |
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10.04.03 |
Through the labyrinth
of streets camels were walking, |
B/W
archive: camel in city |
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their ankles so
delicate |
B/W
archive: women goes into building |
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I wanted to caress
them. |
POV
shot walking towards tower |
10.04.12 |
In front of me rose the
squat Maidens' Tower, |
Narrow
street |
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and behind the tower |
View
of sea |
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the sea began, leaden, |
B/W
archive: view of sea |
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unfathomable, Caspian
Sea. |
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B/W
archive: camel train in desert |
10.04.27 |
NARRATOR On the other side of
the city lay the desert, and beyond it - imperial Christian Russia. |
B/W
archive: city shots with wind |
10.04.35 |
In the early 19th
century the tsar's armies began pushing south, laying claim to the windswept city
and bring European modernity to the edge of Asia. |
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Mud
pool, pan up to WS over desert |
10.04.48 |
MUSIC |
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NARRATOR But with modernity came
an even bigger change - a liquid treasure which had lain for centuries |
Oil
pumps |
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beneath the desert itself. |
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10.05.02 |
THOMAS DE WAAL The key date is 1828,
when the lands |
MCU
Thomas de Waal Caption: Thomas de Waal Author, The Caucasus: An Introduction |
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of Azerbaijan are
divided into north and south, most of the people actually stay in what's now
the Iranian side of the border, but... |
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B/W
stills montage: Baku streets, buildings and people |
10.05.14 |
MUSIC |
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THOMAS DE WAAL ... the northern side,
the Russian side, slowly Europeanises. This is mainly due to Baku, which
becomes this huge boom town and the world's first oil capital, and pulls
these Azerbaijanis into a completely different world. |
Tracking
shot past Villa Petrolea |
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10.05.40 |
NARRATOR Half an hour's drive
from the elegant city centre stands |
EXT
shots Villa Petrolea |
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the Villa Petrolea. In
the 1880s, it became home to a family whose enterprise |
INT
shots Villa Petrolea |
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helped change the face
of Baku - the Nobels. |
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10.05.57 |
MUSIC |
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10.05.57 |
NARRATOR Ten years before it was
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Paintings:
Nobel brothers |
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built, Ludwig Nobel had
given his brother 25,000 roubles to buy exotic hardwood for rifle |
INT
office in Villa Petrolea |
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stocks. Instead, the
money was spent |
B/W
still: horse and cart in oilfield |
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on buying drilling
rights and an oil refinery. |
B/W
stills: oil field shots |
10.06.19 |
They struck gold -
black gold. Oil that literally gushed into the air in fountains such as they
had never seen before. |
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10.06.30 |
AUDREY ALTSTADT There was so much
pressure |
MCU
Audrey Altstadt Caption: Audrey Altstadt, University of Massachusetts |
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from the natural gas
that’s down there with the oil that it created a gusher, and the gushers
would occasionally flow completely out of control. |
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B/W
still: oilfield |
10.06.45 |
PHILIP NOBEL They found Klondike,
they |
MCU
Philip Nobel Caption: Philip Nobel,
Ludvig's grandson |
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found a country filled
with possibilities beyond imagination. |
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B/W
still: camels in Baku city |
10.06.52 |
NARRATOR To begin with, the
process was primitive. |
B/W
stills: laden camels |
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Oil was poured into
sacks make of camel skin and carried to the docks. |
B/W
still: camels at refinery |
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But as demand grew, the
Nobels and other entrepreneurs like the Rothschilds |
B/W
still: INT factory with machines |
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introduced
mechanisation and amassed fortunes. |
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MCU
Thomas de Waal |
10.07.12 |
THOMAS DE WAAL Baku became a k an international
city before its time because of this huge oil boom, and people like the
Nobels and the Rothschilds and all these international capitalists coming in
to develop the oil industry. |
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Garden
seen from house |
10.07.27 |
PHILIP NOBEL Sitting on this terrace
you feel that |
MCU
Philip Nobel |
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history don’t stop, you
know, it continues, it's a legacy, it is a |
B/W
still: man in hammock on terrace |
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fantastic feeling just
listen to the birds, to have my coffee there in the morning. |
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Garden
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10.07.40 |
NARRATOR Even the garden around
the house grew on oil. |
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B/W
still: tanker ship |
10.07.44 |
PHILIP NOBEL When the tanker ships
went out with the oil, |
MCU
Philip Nobel |
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they brought back water
to irrigate the grounds, I think at one time in total they had brought in
maybe like |
EXT
building |
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40,000 different
species |
Pool
in garden |
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of flowers, grasses,
er, |
B/W
still: planting a tree B/W
still: 2 man with tree in garden |
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trees, shrubs, it was
an amazing feat what they did. |
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10.08.04 |
MUSIC |
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B/W
still: man in garden |
10.08.05 |
PHILIP NOBEL It was like a little
green paradise |
B/W
still: family picnic in garden |
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surrounded by derricks. |
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B/W
archive: shots of oilfields |
10.08.11 |
NARRATOR At the height of the
boom, you could see the derricks growing like a forest beyond the citadel
walls. And in that forest were the poor and the hopeful, heading to Baku like
gold diggers to California. |
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MCU
Irada Bagirova Caption: Irada Bagirova Academy of Sciences, Baku
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10.08.26 |
IRADA BAGIROVA subtitles Workers came from
Russia, Iran - also Azeris - |
Slow
pan shots over Baku |
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so the Azeri population
grew. |
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10.08.39 |
But the numbers of
other nationalities grew too - Russians, Armenians, many Jews came here,
Poles. |
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EXT
shots mansions at night (undercranked) |
10.08.49 |
MUSIC |
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10.09.00 |
NARRATOR The city you see today
began growing from that moment. Not so much to accommodate the influx of poor
workers as to accommodate the tastes and ambitions of the newly rich tycoons.
Europe was flooding into Asia on a tide of oil. |
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10.09.19 |
ALTAY GOYUSHOV All these oil tycoons -
Armenians, Jews, Azerbaijanis, Russians - they are trying to provide some
kind of help to their own community, this competition being more philanthropist,
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MCU
Altay Goyushov Caption: Altay Goyushov Baku State University |
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you know, it's amazing
that they are really generous. |
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Oil
pump with Baku city in background |
10.09.36 |
MUSIC |
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10.09.37 |
NARRATOR Each tycoon was
generous to his own. |
Shots
of oil pumps at work |
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Armenian for the
Armenians, Russian for the Russians. And for the Azeris, a champion who
surpassed them all. |
LS
Baku over water |
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EXT
National Museum of the History of Azerbaijan |
10.09.57 |
This building, now the
National Museum of the History of Azerbaijan, is the |
Painting
Haji Zeynalabdin Tagiev. |
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legacy of the man who
did most to help the Azeri people - Haji Zeynalabdin Tagiev. |
B/W
still: mansion B/W
still: men gathered around desk |
10.10.12 |
When he moved into his
mansion at the turn of the century, the great and the good of Baku society
gathered around him. Just a few years before, |
B/W
archive: oilfield shots |
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this cobbler's son had
been a builder, but he could see what others were doing, so he found himself
a partner, bought some land, and started digging for himself. |
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10.10.33 |
NAILYA ABDULAEVA subtitles They dug for a long
time ... but there was no oil. |
MCU
Nailya Abdulaeva |
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His Armenian partner
said: 'I am not going to dig any longer' |
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B/W
archive: horse-operated pump |
10.10.44 |
NARRATOR But Tagiev kept faith
and pressed on alone. |
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MCU
Nailya Abdulaeva Caption: Nailya Abdulaeva Tagiev's
great-granddaughter |
10.10.49 |
NAILYA ABDULAEVA subtitles Tagiev took a new loan,
carried on digging... and struck a fountain! |
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B/W
archive: oil gushing and flowing on the ground, and being collected |
10.10.56 |
MUSIC |
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10.11.03 |
NAILYA ABDULAEVA subtitles The oil gushed with
such force right into the sea. They sold it by the bucket until he grew
richer. |
MCU
Nailya Abdulaeva |
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Then he built factories
and produced kerosene. ...and ended up in shipping too, with three oil
tankers. |
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B/W
still: Tagiev and family |
10.11.23 |
MUSIC |
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10.11.27 |
NARRATOR That wealth transformed
the life of his own family, of course. But Tagiev wanted all Azeris to share
his good fortune too. Above all, he wanted them to have |
B/W
still: Tagiev in office |
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the sort of education
he'd never had. |
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10.11.41 |
NAILYA ABDULAEVA subtitles He gave an education to
a |
MCU
Nailya Abdulaeva |
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great number of people.
They became doctors, engineers, and scientists Even now there are many people
who say 'We eat Tagiev's bread'. ... in the sense that Tagiev paid for their
education. |
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EXT
shots mansion |
10.12..01 |
MUSIC |
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10.12.03 |
NARRATOR This building just
outside the walls of the ancient city was once the first secular school for
Muslim girls in the entire orient, |
B/W
still: Tagiev |
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built with money from
that cobbler's son. |
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10.12.17 |
FUAD AKHUNDOV subtitles He knew the |
MCU
Fuad Akhundov |
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only way to raise his
people was by education. By educating a boy, he said, you get one educated
person, but educate a girl and you get a whole educated family. |
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POV
shot walking along street, Baku |
10.12.32 |
NARRATOR Tagiev himself was a
devout Muslim |
B/W
still: mansion |
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but his views on
education for women were far ahead of his time. |
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10.12.41 |
FUAD AKHUNDOV subtitles In one of his letters,
Tagiev says: |
MCU
Fuad Akhundov |
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'The only way to convey
to a Muslim woman - this marvellous creation of the Almighty ...what her
human rights are |
B/W
still: girls in queue up stairs in school |
10.12.52 |
is through education,
education, education.' |
B/W
stills: girls at school |
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The letter is dated
1896. 52 years |
MCU
Fuad Akhundov |
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before the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights. The term is used in a letter by a Baku
millionaire! |
CU
letter |
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His signature scrawled
like a chicken's claw... |
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10.13.15 |
NARRATOR Illiterate did not mean
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Portrait:
Tagiev |
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uninformed. Every
morning |
INT
shots office in mansion |
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Tagiev's secretaries
read the foreign newspapers to him, to feed his appetite for knowledge of the
world. |
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MCU
Irada Bagirova |
10.13.27 |
IRADA BAGIROVA subtitles At the start of the
20th century, over 40 newspapers were published in Baku. |
CU
newspaper |
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They were the forum for
a serious debate |
MCU
Irada Bagirova |
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... between those who
favoured a Western path of development and those who preferred an Eastern
path. |
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EXT
mansion |
10.13.40 |
MUSIC |
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10.13.42 |
NARRATOR Over the road from the
school |
INT
mansion |
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he'd built was the
Christian school that Ali's beloved Nino attended. |
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B/W
still: children in classroom Caption: Ali & Nino by Kurban Said |
10.13.55 |
READER Professor Sanin
addressed our class - it is partly your responsibility as to whether our town
should belong to progressive |
Shots
of teacher teaching class |
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Europe or to
reactionary Asia. We sat silent for a while, |
B/W
still: children in classroom |
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overwhelmed by the load
of responsibility so suddenly laid upon our shoulders. |
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Street
shot with minaret |
10.14.12 |
MUSIC |
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CU
dome with minaret |
10.14.13 |
NARRATOR One aspect of belonging
to Asia was that daily life would |
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controlled by the
deeply conservative Shi'ite mullahs. |
Service
in Russian Orthodox church |
10.14.23 |
But quite apart from
the large Russian Orthodox population in Baku, |
Street
shot with car |
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there were Sunni
Muslims too, mainly from the Ottoman |
Men
sitting outside café |
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empire next door. The
new visionaries |
High
shot over mosque |
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believed that the only
answer was a secular society. |
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10.14.41 |
AUDREY ALTSTADT By the time you get to
the setting of this novel of |
Book:
Ali & Nino by Kurban Said |
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Ali and Nino, you have
especially in Baku a substantial cohort of people who are interested in a |
MCU
Audrey Altstadt |
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kind of reformed Islam,
they are not by any means atheists, but they want to come to a kind of modus
vivendi |
B/W
still: group photo |
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gradually striving to
build a larger and larger nationally conscious community. |
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Mosque
gate Cover
of satirical magazine with cartoon |
10.15.07 |
MUSIC |
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10.15.15 |
NARRATOR The mullahs became the
target of an iconic |
Cartoons
from magazine |
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satirical magazine,
filled with cartoons to reach people who couldn't read. The idealists |
B/W
still: group photo |
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behind it wanted to
free themselves, not from their history, |
Cartoons |
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but from the prejudice
and sectarianism that could easily overwhelm such mixed society, and for Ali |
Tower
and wall |
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it was personal - |
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Caption: Ali & Nino by Kurban Said |
10.15.39 |
READER God let me be born here
as a Muslim of the Shi'ite faith. |
Narrow
Baku street |
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May he be merciful and
let me die here in the same street, in the same house where I was born. |
Cat
on windowsill |
10.15.52 |
Me and Nino, a |
Narrow
Baku street |
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Christian, who eats with
a knife and fork, has laughing eyes and wears |
Woman's
legs walking in street |
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filmy silk stockings. |
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10.16.03 |
CHARLES KING The key issue |
MCU
Charles King Caption: Charles King Georgetown University |
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here is not one of
geography or ethnicity or religion even, it's one of civilisation and of
modernity, they feel that they themselves are bringing their society into the
modern world, |
B/W
still: group photo |
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and in so many ways
they are like the reformist currents |
MCU
Charles King |
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that are taking place
in Russia proper. |
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B/W
still: EXT opera house |
10.16.21 |
MUSIC |
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10.16.24 |
NARRATOR Another step on the way
to modernity was Baku's magnificent opera house, also built |
EXT
opera house |
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with Tagiev's money. |
INT
shots opera house |
10.16.33 |
Opera ran through the
veins of Russian culture, but this was the first in a Muslim city, and it
became a proving ground for Azeri national identity. |
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10.16.44 |
AUDREY ALTSTADT Opera was such an
important vehicle for the articulation |
MCU
Audrey Altstadt |
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of national
consciousness in Europe, and the most important composers and musicians of |
Statue:
Uzeyir Hajibeyli |
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Azerbaijan, Uzeyir
Hajibeyli and his circle, were |
CU
poster for Layla and Mejnun, Saturday 12 January 1908 |
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really inspired by
Italian opera and the use of |
MCU
Audrey Altstadt |
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historical themes,
traditional music, but modern forms, and Azerbaijan is just a leader in this
aspect of arts. |
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Shots
at the opera |
10.17.13 |
MUSIC actuality at the opera |
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10.17.18 |
NARRATOR Tonight's opera is a
perfect example. European in form, but sounding so different. |
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10.17.29 |
Layla and Mejnun - a
Persian love story sung in Azeri, and using instruments from east and west. |
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High
shot over Flame towers |
10.17.49 |
MUSIC |
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10.18.03 |
NARRATOR As it does today, the
Baku of Ali and Nino thrived on its wealth. Since 1901 its oil fields have
been providing more than half the world's oil. |
Tracking
shot past shops, Baku |
10.18.17 |
Fuelled by the revenue,
the population grew at a faster rate than London, Paris, or New York. |
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10.18.25 |
SIMON SEBAG MONTEFIORE It was an extraordinary
place, |
MCU
Simon Sebag Montefiore Caption: Simon Sebag
Montefiore Historian |
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t was cosmopolitan, its
millionaires were the oligarchs of the turn of the century. |
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Tracking
shots through Baku streets at night |
10.18.32 |
MUSIC |
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10.18.33 |
SIMON SEBAG MONTEFIORE It was like a mixture
between sort of medieval Baghdad, er, Al Capone's Chicago, and the sort of
Paris of the east.. |
INT
shots restaurant |
10.18.43 |
It was literally the most
extraordinary place and irrepressible, exciting, fascinating, cosmopolitan
kaleidoscope. |
MCU
Simon Sebag Montefiore |
|
This was a totally
thrilling place to be. |
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B/W
still: people in car B/W
still: man and woman B/W
still: 2 children B/W
still: woman on chair |
10.18.54 |
MUSIC |
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EXT
shots buildings in Baku |
10.19.07 |
NARRATOR Not all these newly
wealthy oilmen were philanthropists like Tagiev. They adorned the city with |
INT
shots building |
|
French-style chateaux
and Venetian palaces. Frescoes of nymphs alongside heroes of Islam. |
Wisteria
growing up wall |
10.19.24 |
But the dazzling
facades and secluded gardens couldn't |
High
shot courtyard |
|
shut out reality. |
Low
shot outside staircases with Wisteria |
10.19.31 |
Beyond the city walls a
growing population of the angry and the poor was taking root. |
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10.1937 |
SIMON SEBAG MONTEFIORE Everything there was
excessive, flamboyant, but also ferocious, because |
MCU
Simon Sebag Montefiore |
|
at the top you had
these sudden new millionaires and their new palaces, but at the bottom you
had a huge workforce of 50,000, 60,000 people, who were Azeris, Turks,
Persians, mountain Jews, Georgians, Armenians, |
B/W
stills: oilfield |
10.19.58 |
all of them at war with
each other, and along with them was a criminal underclass, led by vicious
organised criminals, gangsters. |
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LS
Baku city |
10.20.10 |
MUSIC |
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10.20.11 |
NARRATOR The ancient city seemed
to shrink as the gangsters and developers poured into the new town around it.
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LS
Baku Caption: Ali & Nino by Kurban Said |
10.20.18 |
READER There were really two
towns, one inside the other. Like a kernel in a nut. Outside the old wall was
the outer town, its people noisy and greedy for money. |
|
10.20.31 |
There were theatres,
schools, hospitals, libraries, |
High
shot sea and city at sunset |
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policemen and... |
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10.20.35 |
MUSIC |
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10.20.35 |
READER ... woman with naked
shoulders. If there was shooting in the outer town it was always about money. |
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Oilfields
and pumps |
10.20.47 |
NARRATOR Beyond the outer town
were the oil fields and the shanty towns where the workers lived. There too
the issue was |
B/W
archive: oil pumps and workers |
|
money. But in their
case - lack of it. |
|
10.20.59 |
As discontent grew, a
singularly interested |
B/W
still: mugshots - Stalin |
|
outsider began visiting
Baku, a political organiser from Georgia called Joseph Stalin. |
Fade
to black |
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GVs
Baku environs |
10.21.12 |
MUSIC |
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10.21.15 |
NARRATOR They called the oil
workers' shacks the black city. To Stalin, it was the perfect |
B/W
still: Stalin |
|
canvas for his own
black arts. |
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10.21.25 |
SIMON SEBAG MONTEFIORE Stalin was the expert,
he was the guy you |
MCU
Simon Sebag Montefiore |
|
went to if you wanted
to organise a bank robbery, if you wanted to execute a double agent or a
traitor... |
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Bes
plotters |
10.21.32 |
MUSIC |
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SIMON SEBAG MONTEFIORE ...or if you wanted to
kidnap someone, he could arrange all of this. |
Oilfield
with pumps |
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MCU
Fuad Akhundov |
10.21.40 |
FUAD AKHUNDOV subtitles The mass of Azeri
workers lived in appalling conditions ... but were rather |
Oilfield
with pumps |
|
passive, mainly because
of the mullahs. Stalin saw these |
MCU
Fuad Akhundov |
|
Azeri workers as his
target audience ...an untilled field which he began to cultivate |
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B/W
still: Lenin |
10.22.02 |
MUSIC |
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10.22.05 |
NARRATOR Lenin needed money for
the revolution |
B/W
archive: oil workers |
|
he was planning and
Stalin's job was to collect it. |
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10.22.11 |
SIMON SEBAG MONTEFIORE The only way to do it
was |
MCU
Simon Sebag Montefiore |
|
so-called
expropriations, which was a, a sort of euphemism for gangsterism, |
B/W
still: Stalin |
|
and this sort of group
was really hardened, tempered, trained |
MCU
Simon Sebag Montefiore |
|
in Baku, in the
Caucasus, where clan loyalties really mattered, where vengeance was part of
daily life, where multiethnic groups fought each other. |
B/W
still: Stalin |
10.22.34 |
So it was a mixture of
sort of gangsterism, |
MCU
Simon Sebag Montefiore |
|
piracy, and
revolutionary enthusiasm. |
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B/W
archive: the Baku strike of December 1904 |
10.22.40 |
MUSIC |
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10.22.43 |
FUAD AKHUNDOV subtitles This kind of agitation
resulted in the all-out strike of December 1904. Baku |
MCU
Fuad Akhundov |
|
produced half the
world's oil and 96 per cent of Russia's. The strike threatened to paralyse
Russian industry and the economy. So the participation of Azeri workers in
the strike was... an alarm signal for the Russian authorities. |
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B/W
archive: workers demonstrating at oilfield |
10.23.12 |
MUSIC |
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10.23.15 |
NARRATOR It was a triumph for
the Russian |
B/W
archive: revolution scenes |
|
revolutionary labour
movement. The order came from St. Petersburg to buy off the strikers before
labour unrest spread any further. |
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Oilfield
with pump |
10.23.26 |
IRADA BAGIROVA subtitles The oil industrialists
were made to sign a collective agreement ... the first in the Russian Empire.
|
MCU
Irada Bagirova |
10.23.35 |
Many regulations were
introduced to meet the workers' demands. |
B/W
archive: oilfield workers |
|
It was amazing for the
time. |
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10.23.42 |
MUSIC |
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10.23.43 |
IRADA BAGIROVA subtitles Cutting the working day
from 14 hours to 9 was a huge achievement. |
Building
seen across the Neva river |
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GVs
St. Petersburg |
10.23.57 |
NARRATOR Two thousand miles away
in the cold of St. Petersburg, reverberations of the strike shook the
imperial government. |
B/W
archive: Bloody Sunday Caption: 9th January 1905 |
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10.24.14 |
In January 1905, on
what became known as Bloody Sunday, an unarmed crowd of petitioners was
gunned down by the Imperial Guard outside the Winter Palace. |
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10.24.32 |
DOMINIC LEVEN The revolution of 1904
to 5 |
B/W
archive: revolution in Baku oilfield |
|
hit Baku very hard
indeed, because there you have the emergence of an |
MCU
Dominic Leven Caption: Dominic Leven Cambridge University |
|
anti-Tsarist and to a
great extent anti-capitalist movement, which, there, as in many other parts
of the world, gets entangled In a nationalist movement. |
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Shots
in Russian Orthodox church |
10.24.50 |
MUSIC |
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10.24.50 |
DOMINIC LEVEN So you have a situation
which is tailor-made for national conflict. |
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Procession
comes out of the church and along street |
10.24.59 |
NARRATOR Above all, it opened
the possibility in the Caucasus that autocratic Russian power under which
they had lived for nearly a hundred years might be losing its grip. |
|
|
|
Shot
over Baku city at night |
10.25.10 |
CHARLES KING Certainly the thing
that develops is this rising sense that you could be Muslim in the Russian
Empire, |
MCU
Charles King |
|
that there was a kind
of core national identity that you needed to develop in contradistinction to
being Russian |
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Mountain
scenery shots, Azerbaijan Caption: 1st August 1914 |
10.25.23 |
MUSIC |
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10.25.25 |
NARRATOR In 1914, a faraway war
broke out between the great European powers. But by pitting Russia against
turkey, it forced young |
Shepherd
with sheep, Azerbaijan |
|
men in Baku to confront
an uncomfortable question - |
Mountain
scenery shot |
|
was it a war they
wished to fight in? And if so, on whose side? |
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B/W
archive: solders marching in countryside |
10.25.42 |
MUSIC |
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10.25.48 |
THOMAS de WAAL If you're an
Azerbaijani Muslim in 1914 you have a very mixed reaction to what's going on
in the world. |
MCU
Thomas de Waal Caption: Thomas de Waal Author, The Caucasus: An Introduction |
|
Where do we belong, er,
are we, you know, Russian subjects, Russian citizens, or are we Turks, are we
Muslims, or are we a bit of both? And in time of war you have to choose. |
|
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EXT
opera house, Baku |
10.26.06 |
MUSIC |
Shots
in opera house |
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10.26.11 |
NARRATOR While the troops were
mobilising for battle, Ali and Nino went to the opera. |
EXT
garden |
|
Afterwards, they met an
Armenian friend for a drink in what was then the Baku City Club. |
|
10.26.24 |
Nino is amazed to find
that neither of them want to fight. |
|
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|
MCU
Fuad Akhundov |
10.26.29 |
FUAD AKHUNDOV subtitles: Nachararyan looks at
her condescendingly. "We want to fight, Princess, but not against each
other. There is a great wall between us and the Russians - the Caucasus
Mountains. If the Russians are victorious, we well be completely Russified,
lose our religion and our language. We'll become Eurasian mongrels. No! Whoever
fights with Russia and the Tsar fights against the Caucasus!" |
B/W
archive: solders on horseback |
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10.26.58 |
READER My father was surprised
and worried. You really do not want to go to war? Most of our ancestors have
fallen on the battlefield. It is the natural death of our family. |
|
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Man
smoking outside building |
10.27.09 |
MUSIC |
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Caption: Ali & Nino by Kurban Said |
10.27.12 |
READER I was sitting on the
carpet, leaning against the cushions. |
Blacksmith
at work |
|
I will draw my sword
when I want to. Our country will |
Men
sitting on bench outside building |
|
need my sword later. |
|
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|
Shepherd
in mountain pasture |
10.27.28 |
NARRATOR Europe's war soon
spread to Asia. |
Oilfield
with pumps |
|
It was about resources,
but it was about imperial power too. |
|
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|
10.27.37 |
CHARLES KING One of the places that
this came together was on the frontier between the Ottomans and the Russians.
|
MCU
Charles King |
|
Here you had oil
resources, here you had mixed cultures being pulled apart by these empires
that were |
Map showing Black Sea, Caspian Sea, Russian
Empire, Ottoman Empire, Persia, and Baku |
|
clashing over the
future of the imperial system. |
|
|
|
|
10.27.54 |
ALTAY GOYUSHOV If you look at map you
will see the Caspian Sea and you will see the Black Sea. On the north you
have |
MCU
Altay Goyushov |
|
Russian Empire, on the
south you have Iran and Turkey. Big countries and between these |
Map
showing areas occupied by Georgians, Azeris, and Armenians |
|
two countries you have
this small nations who are trying to, you know, to establish their own |
MCU
Altay Goyushov |
|
countries, their own
nations, independent nations. And for them, the... |
|
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|
B/W
archive: soldiers on horseback |
10.28.16 |
MUSIC |
|
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|
ALTAY GOYUSHOV ...change which this
war can bring to the world is kind of opportunity. |
|
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|
10.28.25 |
NARRATOR As Russian losses |
Mounted
solders in retreat with casualties |
|
mounted, disaffection
throughout its empire turned into outright revolution. In 1917, the Tsar
abdicated and the Caucasus |
|
|
|
|
10.28.40 |
DOMINIC LEVEN The basic impact of the
Russian revolution |
MCU
Dominic Leven |
|
on the Transcaucasus in
general and what we now call Azerbaijan in particular is that it destroys
Russian power. |
|
|
|
B/W
archive: Baku scenes with life and demonstrations |
10.28.49 |
MUSIC |
|
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|
10.28.52 |
NARRATOR It left a vacuum in
which subject nationalities throughout the Caucasus all made bids for
freedom. But in what form and under which faction was much harder to resolve. |
|
|
|
|
10.29.04 |
IRADA BAGIROVA Power change hands literally
every couple of months. It was the same all over Russia. |
MCU
Irada Bagirova |
|
Sometimes they didn’t
even manage to change the flags. They flew one flag; a month later, someone
else came to power and they'd raise another flag |
|
|
|
B/W
archive: oilfield with gusher |
10.29.20 |
MUSIC |
|
|
|
|
10.29.20 |
NARRATOR The Azeris' bid |
B/W
archive: soldiers enter Baku |
|
was complicated by
their wealth. The Bolsheviks were interested in power, not freedom, and in
particular they wanted Baku's oil |
B/W
archive: Bolsheviks in Baku overlaid with a b/w still of Shaumian
in 1917 |
10.29.31 |
On orders from Lenin, a
man called Stepan Shaumian seized power. Shaumian's allies were Christian
Armenians, Dashnaks, as they were called. But he knew that the leaders of the
|
B/W
still: politicians |
|
Muslim Azeri party... |
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10.29.45 |
MUSIC |
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|
10.29.45 |
NARRATOR ...actually had far
more popular support. |
B/W
archive: demonstration |
|
He needed to find a way
of to neutralise them, and in a |
B/W
still: Tagiev |
|
tragic twist of fate it
was the son of the Azeris' great benefactor Tagiev who gave them the
opportunity. |
|
|
|
B/W
archive: soldiers on horseback |
10.30.00 |
MUSIC |
|
|
|
|
10.30.00 |
NARRATOR Tagiev's son was an
officer in a Muslim division of what had been the Imperial Army, and at this
critical moment he was killed - not in a battle, but a game of Russian
roulette. |
|
|
|
MCU
Altay Goyushov Caption: Altay Goyushov Baku State University |
10.30.12 |
ALTAY GOYUSHOV And funeral for this
guy is held in Baku. And according to tradition, all of his, you know,
friends from his regiment... |
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|
B/W
stills: soldiers on horseback |
10.30.22 |
MUSIC |
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|
10.30.22 |
ALTAY GOYUSHOV ...officers, wants to
come to Baku to participate in his funeral. |
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|
10.30.29 |
NARRATOR The friends know they
cannot |
B/W
still: solders - group photo |
|
enter the city bearing
weapons, but regimental honour demands that they do. |
|
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|
|
10.30.36 |
ALTAY GOYUSHOV The situation was |
MCU
Altay Goyushov |
|
used by Shaumian as a
pretext, to launch his crackdown on the national forces. |
|
|
|
EXT
building in Baku with door |
10.30.50 |
READER Then the telephone
rang. |
B/W
archive: POV shot going through door Caption: Ali & Nino by Kurban Said |
|
Ilyas Beg's voice came
through the receiver. The Armenians have joined the Russians. |
B/W
archive: tower in Baku |
|
They demand that all
Mohammedans give up their weapons not later |
B/W
still: Muslims in yard |
|
than 3 o'clock tomorrow
afternoon. We refuse, of course. |
B/W
still: Zizianishvili's Gate |
10.31.05 |
You will be at the machine
gun at the wall, left of Zizianishvili's Gate. |
LS
Fuad Akhundov on wall above Zizianishvili's Gate Caption: Fuad Akhundov Baku historian |
|
|
MCU
Fuad Akhundov by building |
10.31.10 |
FUAD AKHUNDOV subtitles It was the last time
these defensive walls saw action… March 1918. When the Bolshevik-Dashnak
regime unleashed the most vicious slaughter on the town |
|
|
|
B/W
stills: Dashnak slaughter in Baku |
10.31.24 |
MUSIC |
|
|
|
|
10.31.28 |
FUAD AKHUNDOV subtitles Entire Muslim quarters
were cut down Around 10,000 people were killed |
|
|
|
|
10.31.50 |
THOMAS DE WAAL There was a British
intelligence officer who said, when you talk about the streets running with
blood, this is usually a bit of a |
MCU
Thomas de Waal |
|
metaphor and
exaggeration, but when you talk about |
B/W
archive: burning building in Baku |
|
Baku in 1918 this was
the literal truth. |
B/W
stills: Dashnak slaughter in Baku |
|
|
Mountain
scenery shots |
10.32.26 |
NARRATOR But it was not the end
of Azeri freedom. |
|
|
|
|
10.32.29 |
MUSIC |
|
|
|
|
10.32.29 |
NARRATOR It was the beginning.
The survivors of the massacre fled to safety in the mountains, and on the
28th of May 1918 their leaders announced the creation |
B/W
still: mosque with minarets, Ganja |
|
of the Democratic
Republic of Azerbaijan. |
|
10.32.47 |
The city of Ganja became
their temporary capital, while they |
Waves
on beach near Baku |
|
planned their return to
Baku. |
Fade
to black |
|
|
B/W
stills: ships at pier |
10.32.59 |
MUSIC |
|
|
|
|
10.33.04 |
NARRATOR By now the Bolsheviks
had |
B/W
stills: oilfields and related equipment |
|
taken Russia out of the
war. What mattered to the powers still fighting was who controlled the oil
wells. Hitherto they'd been protected by the Russian army. Now they were open
to all comers. |
|
|
|
|
10.33.20 |
THOMAS DE WAAL You have Germans and
the British popping up and sailing across the Caspian Sea, an |
MCU
Thomas de Waal |
|
incredibly complicated
theatre of war in, |
B/W
archive: Baku port and oilfield |
|
in this region, and
really the kind of pivotal place is the city of Baku, a huge prize for the
oil claimed by the Ottomans, claimed by the British, claimed by the Germans. |
|
|
|
|
10.33.39 |
MUSIC |
|
|
|
Mountain
scenery |
10.33.45 |
NARRATOR The fledgling Azeri
government in the mountains sided |
B/W
archive: soldiers on camels |
|
with Turkey. Ottoman
Sunnis and Azeri Shi'ites marched together on Baku. |
B/W
archive: oilfield |
10.33.58 |
In Baku, there was |
Solders
on horses in Baku |
|
chaos. The local
Bolsheviks had been ousted. Armenians were now in charge. |
|
10.34.08 |
Ali's hope of returning
from exile... |
|
|
|
|
10.34.10 |
MUSIC |
|
|
|
|
10.34.10 |
NARRATOR ...hung on a Muslim
victory. |
Tower
in Baku and POV walking in the city |
|
|
Caption: Ali & Nino by Kurban Said |
10.34.14 |
READER I called to my homeland
as a child calls to his mother. Never, never should I have left this town where
God let me be born. I was |
High
shot Baku street |
|
chained to the old wall
like a dog to his kennel. Only a refugee |
B/W
still: Baku street |
|
knows what his homeland
means to him. |
|
|
|
B/W
stills: British soldiers in Baku |
10.34.44 |
MUSIC |
|
|
|
Caption: August 1918 |
10.34.44 |
NARRATOR Fearful of defeat, the
new administration invited the British in to help them defend the city. But
the British completely misjudged the crisis, sending just a small detachment
to assist what they assumed was a viable local army. |
|
|
|
|
10.35.03 |
ANGUS HAY They were absolutely
horrified to discover that the local peoples of the various different |
MCU
Angus Hay Caption: Angus Hay Military historian |
|
nationalities were
rather expecting the British to arrive and to defend the city on their
behalf, |
B/W
stills: British soldiers in Azerbaijan |
10.35.12 |
and there was a total
misunderstanding, as one of the British officers said, that the local troops
had the tendency to scamper away at the first sound of gunfire, leaving large
gaps in the line. |
|
|
|
B/W
archive: solders on horses in countryside |
10.35.23 |
MUSIC |
|
|
|
MCU
Angus Hay |
10.35.28 |
ANGUS HAY The very first major
battle took |
B/W
still: solders with field gun |
|
place at a place called
the mud volcano. |
LS
mud volcano |
|
There the local forces |
MCU
Angus Hay |
|
basically withdrew at
first sight of the Turks approaching. |
B/W
still: soldiers behind drystone wall |
10.35.39 |
The Turks attacked
British positions and the British were defeated and predominantly killed. |
Fade
to black |
|
|
B/W
still: back street full of soldiers Caption: 15th
September 1918 |
10.35.45 |
NARRATOR But Ottoman control was
short-lived. Within a month, news reached Baku |
Slow
pan over Baku buildings |
|
that the great war was
over and the Turks had lost. Azeri leaders took over the building which had
once |
EXT
Tagiev's school for Muslim girls |
|
been Tagiev's school
for Muslim girls and with the blessing of the victors set up the government |
B/W
still: politicians outside building |
|
they'd been dreaming
about for years. |
|
|
|
|
10.36.08 |
AUDREY ALTSTADT It's both before and
during |
MCU
Audrey Altstadt Caption: Audrey Altstadt University of
Massachusetts |
|
English occupation that
the republic was able to establish itself, and the people who establish it
are all of these |
B/W
still: politicians in office B/W
still: politicians in street |
|
intellectual pro-reform
modernist secular men and they have a real vision of what a republic ought to
look like, |
MCU
Audrey Altstadt |
|
and it's very European. |
B/W
stills: political meeting |
10.36.30 |
They have a multiparty
system which includes Russian, Armenian, Jewish, Azerbaijani |
MCU
Audrey Altstadt |
|
political parties. |
B/W
still: political meeting |
10.36.37 |
They write a
constitution that gives all adults the vote, it's the first place to enfranchise
women, |
MCU
Audrey Altstadt |
|
in the Muslim world,
before the United States does so. |
|
|
|
MCU
Charles King Caption: Charles King Georgetown University |
10.36.47 |
CHARLES KING The period of the
Azerbaijan republic was actually the time when a modern sense of what it
means to be Azerbaijani first got created. |
|
|
|
B/W
still: politicians in office with map on wall |
10.36.57 |
MUSIC |
|
|
|
|
10.36.58 |
NARRATOR One of the first acts
of the new republic was to draw up a map of its borders |
Map
of Azerbaijan |
|
and give it a name -
Azerbaijan. |
B/W
still: politicians - group photo |
|
In January 1920, it
received international recognition. |
|
|
|
|
10.37.12 |
IRADA BAGIROVA subtitles Calling this territory |
MCU
Irada Bagirova Caption: Irada Bagirova Academy of Sciences, Baku
|
|
Azerbaijan for the
first time was very important for national identity. At last people thought
of themselves as masters of their own land |
|
|
|
Baku
street scene with horse-drawn carriage |
10.37.30 |
MUSIC |
|
|
|
|
10.37.32 |
NARRATOR Nino and Ali Khan now
married, became the |
Baku
street with cars |
|
perfect young diplomats
for the new country. |
|
|
|
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10.37.39 |
READER Who is coming tonight?
I told her |
Shots
of banquet Caption: Ali & Nino by Kurban Said |
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all the names of the
English civil servants and officers who would honour us with their presence.
She knew. No minister and no general in Azerbaijan had what her husband had -
a sophisticated wife with a western upbringing, royal parents, and a
knowledge of English. |
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MCU
Audrey Altstadt |
10.38.00 |
AUDREY ALTSTADT You think about other
areas that have Islamic populations, how many decades it took them to achieve
independence and statehood. And what happened to the territories in the
Ottoman empire. And Azerbaijan can say we were if not the very first, we were
one of the first. |
Flames
at base of cliff at night |
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10.38.26 |
FUAD AKHUNDOV This is what local
people called Azer. |
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10.38.30 |
NARRATOR The flames feed off gas
seeping from the oil fields below. |
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10.38.34 |
FUAD AKHUNDOV And this everlasting |
MCU
Fuad Akhundov |
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flame found its way
into the name of my country - Azerbaijan - and its people proudly calling
themselves |
Flames
at base of cliff at night |
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the Azeris. |
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10.38.48 |
NARRATOR But as long as oil lay
beneath the land, the new republic was vulnerable to predators. |
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B/W
archive: soldiers in Baku |
10.38.54 |
MUSIC |
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10.38.56 |
NARRATOR Just three months after
recognition in Paris, the Bolsheviks in Russia sent an army to crush it. |
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MCU
Audrey Altstadt |
10.39.09 |
AUDREY ALTSTADT Ultimately, the British
were too far away and the Bolsheviks were, were right there, they were
closer, they had the means, and of course they were ruthless. |
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Mountain
scenery shots |
10.39.22 |
NARRATOR This was the battle for
which Ali Khan had been saving his sword. He sent Nino and their child over
the mountains to safety in Georgia and went off to defend the new republic
with his life. |
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10.39.39 |
READER Ali Khan Shirvanshir
fell at quarter past five on the bridge of Ganja, behind his machine gun. His
body fell into the dry river bed. |
Shepherd
with sheep in countryside by river |
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We buried him in the
early morning, shortly before the Russians started the last attack. |
Babbling
mountain brook |
10.40.00 |
The life of our
republic has come to an end, as has the life of Ali Khan Shirvanshir. |
Mountains
with clouds |
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Captain Ilyas Beg, son
of Seinal Aga, from the village of Biniyadi, near Baku. |
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10.40.15 |
MUSIC |
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10.40.19 |
NARRATOR Seinal Aga from the
novel was |
B/W
still: Tagiev and family |
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loosely based on the
Azeris' great benefactor Seinal Abdin Tagiev. He was approaching a hundred
when the republic fell. |
B/W
stills: INT shots mansion |
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Throughout all these
changes Tagiev had remained true to his roots. |
Azerbaijani
musicians playing |
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Caption: Ali & Nino by Kurban Said |
10.40.45 |
READER What horrible music,
said the headmaster, |
INT
mansion |
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like a Caucasian donkey
howling in the night. I was |
CU
Koran |
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about to tiptoe away
when I noticed an old man |
B/W
still: Tagiev and family |
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with snow-white hair and
strange light eyes listening to the music and crying. |
Folly-type
building in garden CU
inscription |
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His Excellency Seinal
Aga. |
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10.41.09 |
NARRATOR The Bolsheviks took
away his palaces |
B/W
still: Tagiev and family |
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and his wealth and
after his death is widow was mad to sweep the streets. |
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MCU
Nailya Abdulaeva |
10.41.16 |
NAILYA ABDULAEVA She wore one of her
Paris outfits... ...a beautiful dress and long white gloves |
Woman
sweeping street |
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but all dirty and in
tatters. And that's how she died, on the streets. |
MCU
Nailya Abdulaeva |
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I can't bear to think
about it too deeply |
Fade
to black |
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View
over Baku, national flag in foreground |
10.41.36 |
MUSIC |
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High
shot oil rig in sea |
10.41.48 |
NARRATOR For the next 71 years,
until independence was declared again, Baku and its oil remained firmly in
the grip of the Kremlin, |
Aerial
shot Flame towers, Baku |
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but the flame that
Tagiev had nourished did not die. |
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MCU
Charles King |
10.42.02 |
CHARLES KING The ideals of
Azerbaijan in 1918, 1920 were the ideals of human rights and of multiparty
government and of national identity, but at the same time being connected to
Europe and being modern. |
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EXT
Baku Museum of Modern Art at night |
10.42.16 |
NARRATOR This huge sinuous
building is like a monument to the modernity those pioneers dreamed of - and,
for a brief period, achieved. |
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10.42.28 |
AUDREY ALTSTADT To be able to say we
had a republic, |
B/W
still: politicians in meeting room |
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we had self-government,
we had a parliament, |
B/W
still: politicians in office |
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we had political
parties, we had a free press |
MCU
Audrey Altstadt |
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and we had diplomatic
recognition from lots of places, our representatives met with the leaders of
Europe, they met with |
B/W
still: politicians meeting |
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Woodrow Wilson, this is
big. |
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Aerial
shots over Baku at night |
10.42.53 |
NARRATOR Once again the city has
been adorned by the wealth that flows from beneath its land. But this time
it’s an independent Azerbaijan reaping the rewards. |
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MCU
Altay Goyushov |
10.43.06 |
ALTAY GOYUSHOV Maybe it was an idea,
we gave the people to feel it, maybe not to live it but at least to feel it,
that was our achievement. If Ali could see his nation independent, he could
be really happy. |
Aerial
shots over Baku at night |
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Roll
end credits |
10.43.28 |
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End credits
Produced and directed by
TERESA CHERFAS
Written and narrated by
GEORGE CAREY
Editor
STEFAN RONOWICZ
Composer
SIMON RUSSELL
Additional music
VAGIF MUSTAFAZADEH
SHIRVASHAKH TRIO
Voice of Ali Khan
PHILIP ARDITTI
Voice of Iljas Beg
BEHROUZ AFAGH
Film archive and stills
AZERBAIJAN NATIONAL FILM & PHOTO ARCHIVE
AZERBAIJAN NATIONAL HISTORY MUSEUM
BAKU CENTER
BAKU NOBEL HERITAGE FUND
EXTRAORDINARY INVESTIGATE COMMISSION OF THE GOVERNMENT
OF THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN, 1918
IMPERIAL WAR MUSEUM
INTERSTUDIOS
NATIONAL ARCHIVE OF THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN
21ST CENTURY STUDIOS
With thanks to
PAUL THEROUX
AZERBAIJAN STATE OPERA & BALLET THEATRE
TOGRUL BAGIROV
SARA KHANLAROVA AND SCHOOL NO. 134, BAKU
Administration of Icherisheher,
Baku
JAMIL HASANLI
EMBASSY OF SWITZERLAND IN AZERBAIJAN
ELIZABETH WHITE
Production assistance
BAKU MEDIA CENTER
KATY ROSE LAKE
Photography
BAGHIR RAFIYEV
RAY BRISLIN
SID LEVIN
JOHN VRILAKAS
RASHAD NURIYEV
TERESA CHERFAS
PHIX FILM & PHOTOGRAPHY
ETIBAR SHIRINOV
Sound
ORKHAN ALIYEV
JIM ARNOLD
BRIAN GARFIELD
PAUL MILLAR
Graphics
KISS MY PIXEL
Online editor
NIGEL GOURLEY
Dubbing mixer
ALAN SNELLING
Colourist
VINCE NARDUZZO
Production manager
VIVIENNE STEELE
Co-Producers
MAIRI BETT
PIP WILLIAMS
Executive producers
LEYLA ALIYEVA
KRIS THYKIER
GEORGE CAREY
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Copyright © PeaPie Films
2015