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-Chile, this long country that
borders southern Latin America.
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We are going to
the Valparaiso region
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which alone concentrates
two thirds of
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the national
production of avocado.
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From Santiago, we drive
3 hours northbound
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and walk along hectares of orchards
of avocados to reach
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the province of Petorca.
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Guillermo Pena is a farmer;
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his family has cultivated this
land for three generations.
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-Before, we used to grow beans,
peas, potatoes, etc.
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In the 1980s,
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we started with the avocado tree.
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Not in large quantities;
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we started planting
little by little.
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First, we would sow in the middle
trees, then we increased.
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The avocado's profitability
is much higher
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to that of agriculture
traditional.
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-The avocado has replaced all the
traditional cultures.
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The life of the avocado
starts with a graft.
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It is then planted in the field
with an indispensable precaution:
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be planted at the top
of a small mound of earth.
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-The avocado tree has a root system
that don't go in depth.
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They go to the sides.
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The mound allows
to preserve moisture.
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We plant, and after three years,
the tree is capable of producing.
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The best production period
for the avocado tree,
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it's between his fourth
and tenth birthday.
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This is where it produces the most.
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Each tree produces 200 to 300 kilos
of fruit per year at least.
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-The fruits are harvested by hand
between July and November
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for export, but G. Pena
let his avocados mature
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longer and gives them
until we can get soaked in oil.
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-That's all we live on.
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We have no other activity,
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then we have to defend
the economic aspect.
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That's why we're harvesting
the following year, in March.
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This variety can remain on the tree
all this time.
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-When you harvest it,
the fruit is heavier?
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-They are heavier
and it's more advantageous for us.
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-More mature and more fragile;
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these fruits are sold
on the internal market.
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Guillermo is thus
able to cash in
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directly the price
of the production.
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But there is a problem
with this system: the
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drought that has been
raging since 2010.
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Before there was a river,
now dried up.
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-I see the drought
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for years.
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We are in an area where
where it doesn't rain much.
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If there are 400 mm per year,
we are satisfied.
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And if it's only 250 mm,
it's a little more difficult.
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But against the climate,
there's nothing we can do.
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If the drought continues,
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we'll have to stop
to water some trees.
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Cut them and reduce production.
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-Many European reports
have linked production
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of avocados
and the water issue.
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like German television or the
British newspaper The Guardian
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Bad publicity
that exporters
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would have preferred to avoid.
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As proof,
access to the packaging centre
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has been refused by all of us
the exporters contacted.
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The president of the association of
Chilean exporters
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explains why.
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-We don't trust
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in journalism that
is not serious.
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So yes, you're going to say
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that you will not be allowed in
to packaging.
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I'd rather see that than see
people making things up.
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For example, when,
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some say that to produce
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a kilo of avocados,
you need 2,000 litres of water.
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It's a shame.
from a technical point of view
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and a lie.
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Much less water is used
than any other.
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Maybe not all of them,
but we use 389 litres per kilo.
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-Once packaged
in a refrigerated container,
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avocados go to sea
towards the Panama Canal.
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They cross the Atlantic Ocean
in three weeks
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before reaching a European port.
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-In Petorca, we quickly understood
that the government
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wanted us to put forward
a certain version of the story.
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They insisted that we meet
Guillermo Correa.
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Coming from a family of farmers,
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he owns 1,500 hectares
of agricultural land.
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There is no shortage of water
and insists on showing us
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its state-of-the-art
irrigation system
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and the brand new outfits
of its employees.
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He is proud to tell us
which he redistributes
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water that he saves through this
system to rural communities.
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-We created a circular economy.
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People work in our fields
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so if you help your employees,
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you help your company and this help
is retroactive for everyone.
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That's why we make donations
to the community.
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It's part of the business.
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-He's not telling us they're not
than two in the province
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to give back some of their water.
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But his position is hardening
when it comes to discussing
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the origin of the water problem.
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-The major producers
don't steal water,
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they are constantly monitored.
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We all need to regularize, not just
the little ones or the big ones.
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-For you, where does the
water theft come from?
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-I'm not going to say it on camera.
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Turn off the camera
and I'll explain.
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-He insinuates that
the problem does
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not come from not
major producers,
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but small farmers
that would pump water
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without having bought the rights.
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We have heard from
another version of the story
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by meeting the inhabitants
and small producers.
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Roberto is a farmer.
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For nearly 30 years, he managed
a well for farmers.
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-It's been 15 years since we lost
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our lifeblood.
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-The canal brought water
to farmers.
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Once dry, they dug up
a well, which also dried up.
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Farmers share
the 15 liters per second
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let them stay
in their little well.
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They could never buy themselves
more water rights.
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-We make a distribution.
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Each farmer
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has a 2-hour weekly shift.
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This way, we can keep alive
the trees we have left.
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-In Chile, water has been
privatized since 1981.
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An action taken by the plan
Pinochet's dictatorship.
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Exploitation rights
are granted to some,
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then sold on a market
like any other good.
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With drought, the price of water
has reached new heights.
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And a perpetual right
of one liter/second
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costs nearly 22'000
Swiss francs.
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The small-scale producers like
Roberto are begin strangled.
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-I only have a liter.
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and a half per second
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to water 14 hectares.
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-Is that enough for you?
-No.
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-How many of the 70 families
have left agriculture?
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-50%.
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About 50%.
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-An untenable
situation that
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Roberto has been
denouncing for years.
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Ricardo, his neighbor,
has a 20 ha plot of land.
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For him, water problems
are due to drought
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but also made worse by abuses
of some producers.
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-In 2004, I denounced my neighbour
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who had made a drain
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in the river.
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He used to make wells
to transfer water.
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It affected me,
since I'm underneath.
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They made drains.
that go that far.
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My neighbour is O.
Junemann Gazmuri,
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brother-in-law of the former minister
from the Perez Yoma Interior.
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These plantations are from 2019.
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Last year, it rained 85 mm
in the province.
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It hadn't rained as
much as it used to.
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since 1968 in Petorca.
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Everyone knows we shouldn't
plant so many trees
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in such a dry year.
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The authorities say that that
everything is fine, but not for me.
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-Most producers
report a lack of control.
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But for associations
ecological,
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it is also necessary to take into
account the fact that in 30 years,
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dedicated agricultural areas
to avocado trees
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have increased tenfold,
especially on the mountainsides.
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-The avocado trees are planted
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on mounds
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in the direction of the slope.
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The water is drained and does not
pass through in groundwater,
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first water sources
for communities.
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So at the ecosystem level,
it's complicated.
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And soil erosion is not going
to recover before years
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without an adequate
development plan.
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-The culture of the avocado
on the mountainsides
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is not usual.
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That's because the terrain
gets hotter as it gets higher,
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which avoids them
getting frostbite.
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These plantations can be found on
the flanks all over the province.
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-Here's the difference
between an avocado
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who's had enough water
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versus a
avocado
who ran out of water.
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This one will go for export.
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And this one is sold on the market
internally at a very low price.
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The difference is abyssal.
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There are differences in form,
the caliber.
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You can also see black
inside; necrotic tissue,
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dead because of lack of hydration.
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Ten years ago, our entire harvest
was made up of great avocados.
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But today,
my orchard does not produce
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that 50% of the time
of the initial production.
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In some areas,
we get small calibers,
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because there's not
enough water left.
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The water we had is now
on the side of the mountains.
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I have pictures of swimming.
in this river.
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Before, water was enough
to water the avocados.
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-The lack of water has brought
together Ricardo and Rodrigo.
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The farmer and the
engineer agronomists
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have been working
together since 2007.
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Drying indicators
of watercourses,
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00:13:32,252 --> 00:13:34,793
Rodrigo has launched
a movement for defence
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access to water, land
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and protection
of the environment.
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A difficult struggle
in this hypertensive context.
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-The consequences of the fight
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have entered my house.
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My partner got fired
from his work.
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I no longer work in the region
for the past five years,
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since I was convicted.
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I no longer work here,
while I'm an agronomist.
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There have been some
strange situations.
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We were followed, threatened;
our lives have changed.
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-They treated you
as criminals?
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00:14:29,365 --> 00:14:32,488
-The argument used against us
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is that we are
of Eco-terrorists.
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But we are simple people
who love peace and life.
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-His fight has led to threats
of death and beatings.
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He spent a year
under police protection.
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00:14:48,739 --> 00:14:51,976
Despite that, he never
thought to leave the
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struggle for what he
considers a human right
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-There has been a radical change
in the structure of production
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in the 1990s.
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Politicians and entrepreneurs
have arrived in the province.
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They bought on the flanks
at derisory prices.
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They have obtained water rights
dry rivers.
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They brought the water to the
sides to produce avocados
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for export.
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-For him, the State does not use
the prerogatives at his disposal.
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-The last water balance
in the country dates back to 1987.
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The institution responsible for
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of water has no idea
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how many water rights
she attributed, to whom
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or what quantities of water
flows into the country.
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In this way, water remains
subject to the market.
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Chile does not have the prerogative
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to guarantee access to water
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to the population as a human right
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or as a common law.
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-The General Directorate of Water
should regulate access to water.
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Controls, rare in recent years
years, exploded in 2018
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after the release of several
foreign reports.
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We meet the director
of the institution.
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-We are making a
significant effort.
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We lost time,
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00:16:23,742 --> 00:16:26,293
but we have addressed this problem.
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We have made progress
in terms of controls.
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I think we're going to
in the right direction
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and that we will have a zone
where recently there were
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00:16:40,280 --> 00:16:41,890
illegal water withdrawals.
249
00:16:42,741 --> 00:16:47,108
It's an extra effort.
to keep the pressure on over there.
250
00:16:48,016 --> 00:16:49,474
-Do you have sufficient resources?
251
00:16:49,785 --> 00:16:55,098
-They are limited,
because we have 52 controllers.
252
00:16:56,003 --> 00:16:57,785
-52 in the whole country?
-Yes.
253
00:16:58,033 --> 00:17:02,713
We would like to give
the opportunity to users
254
00:17:02,914 --> 00:17:06,234
to do with their own tools.
255
00:17:06,612 --> 00:17:10,452
We have more trust
to self-checking
256
00:17:10,751 --> 00:17:15,071
than the management we can
to do it ourselves,
257
00:17:15,311 --> 00:17:21,030
because we have more than a hundred
water sources in the country.
258
00:17:21,784 --> 00:17:27,220
Self-checking.
Rodrigo doesn't believe in it.
259
00:17:28,010 --> 00:17:32,518
He shows us an example, according
to him illegal, but tolerated.
260
00:17:32,765 --> 00:17:36,069
-It's an underground pumping well
261
00:17:36,223 --> 00:17:39,103
built on the riverbed.
262
00:17:39,918 --> 00:17:42,716
We see how a public good
263
00:17:43,212 --> 00:17:47,220
is at your disposal
of private interests.
264
00:17:47,785 --> 00:17:50,492
Here, they have been authorized
to draw water
265
00:17:50,517 --> 00:17:54,877
from a public good, the river,
to carry water
266
00:17:55,016 --> 00:17:59,084
to large agricultural lands
around.
267
00:18:00,267 --> 00:18:02,685
- If they have been authorized
to do so by the city hall,
268
00:18:02,933 --> 00:18:04,253
this is not always the case.
269
00:18:04,820 --> 00:18:09,987
The situation is tense,
as shown in these images.
270
00:18:10,824 --> 00:18:15,758
In February 2018, the mayor of
Petorca dismantles a pipe system
271
00:18:15,976 --> 00:18:18,238
on a public road built
without authorization.
272
00:18:18,750 --> 00:18:22,107
It belongs to G. Correa,
our model farmer.
273
00:18:27,743 --> 00:18:32,201
-In this country,
those who are wealthy
274
00:18:32,737 --> 00:18:35,316
believe they can do
275
00:18:35,832 --> 00:18:36,985
what they want.
276
00:18:38,058 --> 00:18:43,868
For them, there are no courts.
277
00:18:44,766 --> 00:18:47,926
For them, there are no sanctions.
278
00:18:48,721 --> 00:18:54,841
They get everything they want
and if they don't get it,
279
00:18:55,656 --> 00:18:56,936
they take it.
280
00:18:57,215 --> 00:19:02,369
I am sure I have acted
in my rightful right.
281
00:19:03,584 --> 00:19:07,032
I have no remorse
for doing it.
282
00:19:07,186 --> 00:19:10,810
Here, there is a paradox
of life: 120 litres
283
00:19:11,180 --> 00:19:14,691
of water is given
to an avocado tree
284
00:19:15,048 --> 00:19:17,945
and we only give 50 liters a day
to a human being.
285
00:19:18,079 --> 00:19:19,844
Do you think that's fair?
286
00:19:21,624 --> 00:19:27,602
-Fidel has 50 litres per day
to support himself.
287
00:19:28,203 --> 00:19:31,006
His cousin comes to help him
every day after work
288
00:19:31,244 --> 00:19:34,418
in this little house built
by their uncle.
289
00:19:35,306 --> 00:19:37,586
-We take care of the water.
290
00:19:37,806 --> 00:19:39,629
It is used when necessary.
291
00:19:41,132 --> 00:19:43,652
I accumulate water
292
00:19:43,851 --> 00:19:46,011
when I do the dishes.
293
00:19:46,193 --> 00:19:49,367
I must have a little
bit of it in reserve.
294
00:19:49,676 --> 00:19:51,515
to wash my hands.
295
00:19:51,904 --> 00:19:54,824
You have to keep water in the sink
296
00:19:54,985 --> 00:19:58,214
to give it to the chickens
or dogs.
297
00:19:58,544 --> 00:20:04,266
This little water must be recycled.
298
00:20:07,164 --> 00:20:12,484
The neighbour also had an orchard.
and it completely dried up.
299
00:20:12,745 --> 00:20:15,425
It's all dry.
300
00:20:15,744 --> 00:20:19,624
We replanted
in the hope that it will grow
301
00:20:19,824 --> 00:20:22,624
and it doesn't dry out.
302
00:20:24,155 --> 00:20:27,088
-They are supplied with supplies
by tanker truck for 10 years.
303
00:20:27,762 --> 00:20:31,413
The driver had to go today
fetch water
304
00:20:31,664 --> 00:20:34,806
higher up in the valley,
because the usual well was empty.
305
00:20:36,126 --> 00:20:39,968
-The truck brings water
twice a week.
306
00:20:42,211 --> 00:20:46,801
If we finish the water first,
we stay without it.
307
00:20:47,159 --> 00:20:50,016
In this way, we have water
to cook for ourselves,
308
00:20:50,219 --> 00:20:52,259
but no more.
309
00:20:52,736 --> 00:20:57,376
It's not enough to wash yourself.
or do other things.
310
00:20:57,588 --> 00:21:01,920
We are still short of water.
311
00:21:04,306 --> 00:21:07,786
It's a great anguish,
we suffer.
312
00:21:08,066 --> 00:21:11,186
With the little water in the well,
313
00:21:11,480 --> 00:21:14,360
we hope to water our trees,
314
00:21:14,739 --> 00:21:18,339
but if the well dries up,
the trees are dying.
315
00:21:18,559 --> 00:21:20,799
They're already almost dry.
316
00:21:21,078 --> 00:21:24,198
And we won't have enough water
to feed
317
00:21:24,517 --> 00:21:27,103
the few plants
that we have left.
318
00:21:28,729 --> 00:21:32,387
-It's been five years since the
government promised a new well
319
00:21:32,599 --> 00:21:34,868
to supply the hamlet
where Kathi's cousin lives.
320
00:21:35,657 --> 00:21:42,586
In the meantime, they are fighting
to keep their small crop.