POST
PRODUCTION
SCRIPT
Foreign
Correspondent
2022
Stolen
Spirits
29
mins 48 secs
©2022
ABC
Ultimo Centre
700
Harris Street Ultimo
NSW
2007 Australia
GPO
Box 9994
Sydney
NSW
2001 Australia
Phone:
61 419 231 533
Precis
|
"A cemetery at a school
is not the norm – that you could die and then you’re gonna be buried out the
door?" - Judi Gaiashkibos,
Commission on Indian Affairs, Nebraska On the frozen plains of
Nebraska, a community is digging up its past. The State Archaeologist is
using ground penetrating radar to try and locate an old cemetery that is
somewhere on the grounds of the former Genoa US Indian Industrial School. The Genoa school was one of
a network of institutions for Native American
children set up in the 19th and 20th centuries across the USA. Their purpose
was to assimilate indigenous children into the white man’s world. By 1926, it’s estimated more
than 80 per cent of Native American children were enrolled in these
institutions. "We've been severed
from our language, from our culture, from our practices over a whole course
of time, but the boarding school era that ... did a number on our people
where we almost did not recuperate from it." -Redwing Thomas, Teacher, Santee Sioux Nation. Last year, the discovery of
more than a thousand graves of children at the sites of former boarding
schools in Canada pushed the USA to examine its own history. ABC journalist Stan Grant,
whose family was impacted by Australia’s assimilationist policies of forcibly
removing children from families, presents this powerful story. He tells the story of a
community in Nebraska trying to uncover the truth about one of the country’s
largest and longest running boarding schools. "We were taught in
school about Native American boarding schools, assimilation," says Genoa
resident Nikki Drozd, "but we weren’t aware of the cemetery ... I didn’t
stop to think about the children that died here." This month, the US
Department of the Interior has published the first major government
investigation of the country’s boarding school history. It’s estimated that
up to tens of thousands of children could have died while attending these
state-sanctioned institutions. "We’re still looking
for those children that died," says Judi Gaiashkibos. "I can’t rest
until I feel I’ve exhausted every possible avenue to find the children." |
|
Episode
tease. |
Music
|
00:10 |
|
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: In the United States' Midwest, a harrowing search is
underway, to locate the graves of Native American children taken from their
tribes and sent to boarding schools. |
00:21 |
|
JUDI
GAIASHKIBOS: These were not schools. It was a prison camp. |
00:35 |
|
CAROLYN
FISCUS: From as far back as I can remember I've heard this story. You know,
my mum would say she is still lost somewhere. |
00:39 |
|
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: The recent discovery in Canada of more than a thousand
graves at former boarding schools, exposed the state sanctioned abuse of
indigenous children. |
00:47 |
Grant
to camera. Super: |
The
blueprint for these schools came from across the border in the United States.
Now, Native American tribes in the US are demanding justice for the forced
removal of their children, and a bigger untold story is emerging. A landmark
federal government report now estimates tens of thousands of indigenous
children could have died at US institutions. |
01:00 |
Interior
schoolroom |
REDWING
THOMAS: I don't like calling these things gravesites or cemeteries. |
01:24 |
Redwing
interview |
I
don't call them that. I call them crime scenes. That's what I call them. |
01:31 |
Aerial.
US Indian School. Title: |
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: In this report, Foreign Correspondent gains exclusive
access to one community as it begins a journey to uncover the truth. |
01:35 |
Nebraska rural GVs. Super: |
Music
|
01:51 |
Signage.
Santee Sioux Tribe |
|
02:10 |
Children
learn language with Redwing |
|
02:13 |
|
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: On a cold winter's morning, these Native American children
are having a lesson in language. |
02:22 |
|
REDWING
THOMAS: The language is literally the heart and soul of our people. It holds
our identity and it holds |
02:38 |
Redwing
interview |
our
practices, our beliefs, our philosophies, our world views all inside the
language, so our existence is directly tied to it. |
02:45 |
Redwing
teaching |
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: Redwing Thomas is one of a few who can speak Dakota, his
tribe's language. |
02:55 |
|
REDWING
THOMAS: Less than 5% of my people, we don't know our language. We are on the
verge of reclaiming it, but it's |
03:07 |
Redwing
interview |
an
uphill walk, you know, and we have a long way to go. It took generations to
wipe the language out. It's going to take generations to restore it. |
03:15 |
Redwing
teaching |
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: He blames the US government's boarding school policy for
destroying his people's culture. REDWING
THOMAS: As native people, we've been severed from our language, from our culture,
from our practices |
03:24 |
Redwing
interview |
over
a whole course of time, but the boarding school era in the course of history,
did a number on our people where we almost did not recuperate from it. |
03:41 |
Archival
photos. Indigenous children at schools |
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: From 1819 to 1969, hundreds of thousands of indigenous
children were taken from their tribes |
03:52 |
Map
showing school. Super: |
and
placed in state and church run boarding schools across the US and its then
territories. |
04:02 |
Archival
photos. Indigenous children in schools |
The
schools, under the guise of education, were a dark experiment in
assimilation. The model for the schools was devised by military officer
Richard Henry Pratt |
04:12 |
Archival
photo. Pratt on horse |
–
an Indian hunter. |
04:26 |
Archival
photos. Indigenous children |
Music
|
04:29 |
|
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: By stripping away culture, Pratt believed he could 'kill the
Indian and save the man.' |
04:35 |
Redwing
interview |
REDWING
THOMAS: When you have a motto, 'kill
the Indian, save the man', I mean, come on. That that's as genocidal as it
gets. |
04:45 |
Archival
photos. Indigenous children |
The
schools were created for one purpose only and that was to destroy our belief
system, to destroy our family system and to change our identity. |
04:51 |
|
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: By 1926, 83% of Native American children were enrolled in
these institutions. |
05:05 |
Classroom |
REDWING
THOMAS: Everyone in this room literally descends from a boarding school
survivor. I mean that's just the truth. |
05:12 |
Photo.
Redwing and grandfather |
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: Redwing's grandfather Albert was sent to boarding school at
the age of 8. |
05:17 |
Archival
photo. US Indian School, Genoa, staff and students.
Overlay of Albert's application for enrolment |
He
attended one of the largest and longest running institutions, the Genoa US
Indian Industrial School in Nebraska. REDWING
THOMAS: He never really talked about it. |
05:24 |
Redwing
interview |
It
wouldn't be until later, you know, later in his life, where stories would be
shared. |
05:39 |
Archival.
Indian School classroom |
One
experience shared that a soiled sheet would be used to be wiped in the mouths
of the other children who spoke their language, you know. |
05:45 |
Redwing
interview |
And
if they didn't want those dirty sheets and soiled sheets shoved into their
mouth, well then, you stop speaking your language and start speaking English.
That's pretty hateful. You know, that's, pretty evil. |
05:54 |
Train
passes school site |
Music
|
06:07 |
Entrance
to school |
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: This entrance and a few buildings and barns are all that
remain of the Indian Industrial School in Genoa. |
06:22 |
Archival
photo. Genoa school campus. Dissolve to today GVs |
Once
a sprawling campus housing children from more than 40 tribes. Today it's a
place where people come to learn the history of what happened here. |
06:34 |
Museum
in former school building |
This
building, once the school's workshop, is now a museum run by the Genoa
Foundation, a group of local volunteers. |
06:51 |
Judi
greets Nancy at museum |
JUDI
GAIASHKIBOS: "Hi Nancy, it's so good to see you." STAN
GRANT, Presenter: Judi Gaiashkibos's mother, Eleanor, went to school here. |
07:02 |
Judi
and Nancy inside museum |
NANCY
CARLSON: "I'll let you let you look at your mum's window that was
donated in her honour." STAN
GRANT, Presenter: Like many survivors, her mother didn't talk about her time
at boarding school. |
07:11 |
|
JUDI
GAIASHKIBOS: She would talk about it and there was sort of a haunting look or
a sadness to the tone of her voice, she tried to tell the good things. |
07:22 |
|
"It
says my mother's name there but I don't know." |
07:31 |
|
I
don't have a lot of pictures of my mother, because for one thing they made
them be |
07:34 |
Judi
interview |
photographed
for everything, and my mother detested having her picture taken. |
07:39 |
Archival
photos. Girls in school bakery |
So I
look at that photo they have, and I say, one of those girls is my mother. My
mother cooked and baked breads and rolls and food that the children ate,
however most of the time they went to bed hungry. |
07:43 |
1990
school reunion |
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: To try learn more, Judi began
attending the school's reunions. |
07:59 |
|
JUDI
GAIASHKIBOS: I started going to the Genoa Indian School reunions after my
mother died, so I got to learn about what it was like and meet people that
could have been at school with my mother. |
08:06 |
|
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: The Genoa Foundation's secretary, Nancy Carlson, started
the annual gatherings more than 30 years ago. |
08:19 |
Nancy
interview |
NANCY
CARLSON: Former students were coming back asking information about the school
and saying they wanted reunions and this sort of thing, and so we thought,
you know what? These people have this real need. Let's try to help them and
do that. |
08:27 |
Archival.
1990 reunion |
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: This reunion was the first. Filmed in 1990, these pictures
have never been broadcast. |
08:42 |
|
FORMER
STUDENT: First year I came here I stayed two years. |
08:52 |
|
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: As the school has no living survivors, they offer a rare
glimpse into what life was like for some former students. |
08:54 |
|
REPORTER:
So what was your day like? What time did you have to
get up and all? FORMER
STUDENT: Had to get up at four o'clock in the morning. We never got any time
off to make up for it. |
09:03 |
|
REPORTER:
What did you learn here? FORMER
STUDENT 2: Well I guess, I don't know, I'm not
really sure. I guess I learnt how to get along with other people, strangers
being around strangers. |
09:12 |
|
FORMER
STUDENT 3: It was just like a military school. We had to march everywhere we
went. To dinner we were marched, to church we marched. |
09:23 |
Archival
photos. Boys and girls at school. |
JUDI
GAIASHKIBOS: These were not schools. It was a prison camp, a work camp. It
wasn't a lovely place to learn your education. They were little
soldiers. Every morning, you know, the
whistles blew; you had to get out of bed.
There was nothing of home. You were stripped of all your cultural
belongings. Your hair, which is so sacred for the boys was all cut off. It was
a self-sufficient school, so the children were used as labour. You learned
the three Rs half the day, |
09:34 |
Judi
interview |
but
it was a very watered down curriculum. It wasn't
stimulating. It wasn't with the goal that you could be anything. |
10:23 |
Archival
photo. Three young women |
Dreams
could come true at the Genoa Indian School for these children. No, the dream
was you will be a servant. |
10:31 |
Drone
shot. Genoa Indian school |
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: Many students left
the school with their culture broken. Others didn't return home at all. |
10:39 |
Archival.
James walks in
field. Super: 1990 |
music
|
10:51 |
|
REPORTER:
What is important about where we're standing now? As far as you know. JAMES
NASH: Only that it's where we think the cemetery is, is the only reason. REPORTER: Why would there be a cemetery with the
school? JAMES
NASH: Well, kids started dying at an early age. I mean, at the early time
they were at the school, they had to had to do something with them. I don't
think it was possible those days to send them home, the bodies I mean, so
they buried them here. |
10:56 |
|
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: James Nash attended the school in the late 1920s. At the
reunion he revealed two of his classmates died at the school. He believes
their deaths were covered up. |
11:35 |
|
JAMES
NASH: I searched the archives in Washington, DC for a week, and I never found
any record whatsoever of these two deaths that I personally knew about. |
11:49 |
|
REPORTER:
Why do you think that is? JAMES
NASH: I think probably the, whoever was operating the Genoa Indian School had
those records destroyed because they were derogatory to their image. |
12:00 |
Nancy
interview |
NANCY
CARLSON: He took some of the people
from the foundation board, some of the guys and they went out and they looked
where he thought it was, but they couldn't find any markers or anything
there. |
12:18 |
Drone
shot, school |
The
next day they had like a grader that came in and just removed the top soil to see if they could find the graves and they did
not find anything, |
12:19 |
Nancy
interview |
and
so it was because of that they didn't find anything
that they decided we were going to do this – set up a marker that's just to
east of this building to honour those former students that died. |
12:39 |
Burial
sites at school |
NEWSREADER
1: "The remains of 215 children, some as young as three, buried for
decades on the grounds…" NEWSREADER
2: " More unmarked graves uncovered at another Catholic residential
school." |
12:57 |
2021
news footage |
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: Last year in Canada the discovery of mass graves at the
sites of former boarding schools shocked the world. But with more than double
the number of schools in the US, the government says tens of thousands of
indigenous children could have suffered the same fate. |
13:10 |
Haaland
press conference. Super: |
DEB
HAALAND: "At no time in history have the records or documentation of
this policy been compiled or analysed to determine the full scope of its
reaches and effects. We must uncover the truth about the loss of human life
and the lasting consequences of these schools." |
13:29 |
Drone
shots. Lincoln, Nebraska |
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: An historic federal investigation into America's own
boarding school era is now underway. In Nebraska's capital Lincoln, Judi
Gaiashkibos |
13:46 |
Judi
walks in government building |
heads
up the states' commission on Indian affairs. She says it's time to tell the
truth about what happened at her mother's school.' JUDI GAIASHKIBOS: When we
first heard about what was going on in Canada, I said we've got to focus on
the children that died here. |
13:59 |
Judi
interview |
A
cemetery at a school is not the norm that – you could die at school and then
you're going to be buried out the door? |
14:20 |
Native
American statue. Dr Jacobs walks to museum |
DR
MARGARET JACOBS: This whole history is almost invisible. People aren't aware
of the fact that we are going to find these kind of graves
and we're going to find missing children here in the United States too. STAN
GRANT, Presenter: Judi asked historian Dr Margaret Jacobs to find out how
many children died at Genoa. |
14:26 |
Margaret
in library vaults |
Music
|
14:50 |
|
DR
MARGARET JACOBS: When I started trying to find out what happened to the
children who died, the first place I looked was the government records. |
14:55 |
Margaret
interview |
Nothing.
So that's when I started doing some newspapers searches. |
15:04 |
Margaret
in library vaults. CU newspaper articles |
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: She soon began uncovering reports of student's deaths. DR
MARGARET JACOBS: Spinal paralysis, heart failure. There's a lot of accidental
deaths, we have come across a drowning, a child who was hit by a train. |
15:08 |
Photo.
Doctor and nurses around children in hospital beds |
Diseases
were sweeping through these schools, but in many cases
they weren't returning the children to their homes when they died |
15:28 |
Margaret
interview |
and
they were burying them on site. And it's just chilling to me to think that
for so many children the schools were death traps. |
15:37 |
Drone
shot school |
Music
|
15:48 |
|
NIKKI
DROZD: Those who grew up in Genoa knew and understood what happened here. It
was a point that we were taught in school about Native American boarding schools assimilation, |
15:54 |
Nikki
interview |
but
we weren't aware of the cemetery. At least I know myself I didn't stop to
think about the students that died here, what happened to them. |
16:04 |
Nikki
at memorial |
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: Nikki Drozd volunteers with the Genoa Foundation and is
helping investigate student deaths.
She recently discovered more children had died. NIKKI
DROZD: We have found |
16:14 |
Nikki
interview |
86
students that have died. But without having the actual government records,
it's hard to say how many there really are. It's almost hundred percent that
there are more students that have died. |
16:28 |
|
Music
|
16:46 |
Carolyn
on porch |
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: One of the 86 children who died at Genoa was Carolyn
Fiscus's aunt, Mildred Lowe. |
16:55 |
Interior.
Carolyn's home |
CAROLYN
FISCUS: I have an old picture of my
grandmother and my Aunt Mildred and Mildred looks like she's about three year. |
17:0 |
Carolyn
looks at photo of Mildred on phone |
They're
wearing white people's clothes and shoes. My auntie must have moved; you know
how little kids wiggle. |
17:10 |
Nebraska
plains. Train to Genoa |
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: In 1927, Mildred Lowe was taken from the Winnebago tribe
and sent across the plains of Nebraska to school in Genoa. |
17:20 |
|
CAROLYN
FISCUS: They put her on the train and it started
moving and that train whistle would blow and then she got to Genoa and she
got off, and that was how it was, it was horrible, lonely and scary. |
17:32 |
|
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: Mildred died three years later. She was 12 years old. |
17:46 |
Carolyn
interview |
CAROLYN
FISCUS: To lose a child and then to lose them in that way, you don't know
what happened to them. It's a very sad story for our family. |
17:51 |
Carolyn
shows family photos |
This
is my wall of fame of my family. This is my mum and dad. This is on their
50th wedding anniversary I think we had this taken. My dad's a little bald headed
white guy and my mum is Ho Chunk. And then this, this is my son and daughter,
their graduation pictures. And these is my pride and joy, my
grandchildren. Put my Aunt Mildred up
there with my grandmother. There they are. For me, it's like this is what's
missing, this piece. |
17:59 |
|
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: Carolyn has spent the last decade trying to find out what
happened to Mildred after she died. |
18:33 |
|
CAROLYN
FISCUS: She's probably at the spirit world, but she didn't get a send-off,
but everybody's there. We believe our ancestors are there to greet her, but
you know, we want her spirit to know that we know that, too. |
18:45 |
Mildred's
death certificate |
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: Carolyn has recently received Mildred's death certificate.
It reveals Mildred died from influenza and meningitis. CAROLYN
FISCUS: When I got it, I was like, |
18:58 |
Carolyn
interview |
oh,
you know, just reading that. It's just kind of like you say, oh now this is
real. She really did die there. And here's the evidence and it's hard. It's
hard for me . |
19:09 |
Carolyn
smudge ceremony |
"Pray
for all the spirits who haven't come home yet. Pray for them to find their
way on this smudge and on smoke…" |
19:24 |
|
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: The document states Mildred's body was sent home to the
Winnebago reservation, but Carolyn is sceptical |
19:32 |
Carolyn
interview |
CAROLYN
FISCUS: They didn't have any record of
her being buried in the Winnebago cemetery, and my grandmother's record was
there, but we didn't have Mildred. |
19:40 |
|
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: She believes Mildred was buried at Genoa in the school's
lost cemetery. |
19:54 |
Archival.
Jim Nash |
Reporter:
You want more than to just come here and see this, right? JIM
NASH: That's right, I'd like them to definitely locate
the cemetery, fence it, probably a monument of some sort. |
20:02 |
Nebraska
plains |
Music
|
20:25 |
|
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: More than 30 years after James Nash first mentioned the
cemetery, a new effort is underway to find the children's graves. |
20:30 |
|
ROB
BOZELL: In this situation with this story of Native American boarding
schools, it feels like there's a sense of urgency. It would be nice to be
involved in that first step of finding them. |
20:39 |
Rob
driving |
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: State archaeologist Rob Bozell is overseeing the fieldwork. ROB
BOZELL: The only map |
20:52 |
Rob
looking at map on computer |
that
has been found that depicts a cemetery is this 1899 Naz County atlas. And I
don't know if you can see that, but right there, the word cem for cemetery
and a cross, that's a symbol cartographers use for cemeteries. This is a very
coarse scale. Again, they're depicting something south of the railroad tracks
and east of this property line, but it doesn't give us enough detail to say
exactly where it is. We've also got some air photos. It shows the cemetery is
somewhere in this area. |
21:02 |
Aerial.
Possible cemetery site |
It's
a big area, probably 200 acres. |
21:41 |
Rob
and colleagues peg site |
Music
|
21:49 |
|
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: Using ground penetrating radar, Rob and his team are
looking for disturbances in the soil which could indicate a grave shaft. |
22:03 |
Radar
machine |
ROB
BOZELL: This pyramid looking thing represents a difference in soil compaction.
It could be a grave, it could be a big animal hole – it's different to the
surrounding natural soil. We have another one here, same shape, and we also
had two same shape going up a little farther here. So we have potentially four, three or four anomalies. |
22:13 |
|
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: The discovery creates cautious optimism – it will take
months to analyse the data. |
22:46 |
|
ROB
BOZELL: It's more than we've seen on our other two or three trips out
here. I don't think we saw |
22:54 |
Rob
interview |
any
anomalies, any place else. So we are at least seeing
those, whether they're signatures or graves or not. don't know yet. |
22:58 |
Phil
interview |
PHIL
SWANTEK: My name is Phillip Swantek, born and raised here in Genoa. STAN
GRANT, Presenter: Phil Swantek owns the land |
23:09 |
Aerial.
Possible cemetery site |
where
the search for the children is taking place. He believes the canal, which was
constructed shortly after the schools' closure in the 1930s, destroyed the
cemetery. |
23:16 |
Phil
interview |
PHIL
SWANTEK: You have to realise when they dug that
canal, they had a dredge or a drag line that you could fit a big truck into,
on the scoop, you know, and in the 1930s, I don't think anybody was too much
concerned if they run across bones or anything. |
23:29 |
Canal |
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: But no records have been found that construction disrupted
any graves. Phil says he has 'mixed feelings' about what will happen if the
cemetery is found. |
23:47 |
Phil
interview |
PHIL
SWANTEK: I own the land and my opinion is if they
did find something there, I would probably want it memorialised some way, but
not disturbed. |
24:00 |
Aerial.
Omaha nation land |
Music
|
24:12 |
Kids
play basketball |
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: Eight of the
children who lost their lives in Genoa belong to Nebraska's Omaha tribe. |
24:24 |
Leander
walks |
LEANDER
MERRICK: They're speaking from the
grave, that's just how we see it. "We're here. Find us, bring us
home." |
24:32 |
|
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: Chairman Leander Merrick says if the cemetery is found, the
Omaha tribe will repatriate their children and lay them to rest on their
ancestral lands. |
24:40 |
Omaha
tribal cemetery/ Leander interview |
LEANDER
MERRICK: They have to come home. This is their home.
To bring them back here is going to bring closure for them, their spirits and
their loved ones and our community as a whole. This
is shining a light on the United States. It's not a good light. They wanted
to eradicate us. They didn't want us to be a threat to them because of what
they were doing. The bottom line is they wanted our land. |
24:51 |
|
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: Across the country, Native American tribes are mobilising.
As they begin searching for their lost children there are calls for a
reckoning for the trauma caused by boarding schools. |
25:22 |
Samuel
walks |
Dr
Samuel Torres is from the National Native American Boarding School Healing
Coalition, based in Minneapolis. |
25:4 |
Samuel
interview |
SAMUEL
TORRES: This moment, as hard as it was, has been an important moment to
remind folks from every background that this is an important part of the
story of the forming of the United States of America, that this land was once
Indian land. and it still is and always will be. |
25:49 |
Coalition
signage about boarding schools |
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: He says there needs to be a commission of inquiry as the
first step towards reconciliation. |
26:07 |
|
SAMUEL
TORRES: Boarding school survivors are not getting any younger. And there's a
wealth of knowledge and a wealth of information that needs to be shared. |
26:18 |
Samuel
walks |
The
truth cannot be done without a focus on accountability and justice. And only
through that, can substantive healing actually take
place. |
26:27 |
Redwing
and students, dance class |
|
26:53 |
|
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: For Redwing, keeping the culture alive is key to healing
from a painful past. |
26:58 |
Redwing
interview |
REDWING
THOMAS: So in my classroom we reverse it for the
ones who had to go through it, so we reverse it. Instead
it's a happy atmosphere. Instead, it's joyous and it's exciting and it's
enthusiastic and it's everything that our ancestors were forbidden to have.
That's why there is so much energy in my room. It's for them. |
27:25 |
Judi
into museum |
|
27:55 |
|
JUDI
GAIASHKIBOS: This is real. They really were here. It was 20 years ago that I was last here
and we're still looking for those children that died. |
28:15 |
|
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: In Genoa, the recent search failed to locate the cemetery. |
28:32 |
Judi
walks school grounds |
JUDI
GAIASHKIBOS: They're there somewhere. We know they're under the ground
somewhere. And they need to be honoured. |
28:40 |
|
STAN
GRANT, Presenter: Efforts to find the children who never came home continue. |
28:48 |
|
JUDI
GAIASHKIBOS: I can't rest until I feel I've exhausted every possible avenue
to find the children. |
28:54 |
Card:
This year Nebraska passed a resolution to honour survivors and descendants of
the Genoa U.S. Indian Industrial School. |
Music
|
29:03 |
The
20th February is now a day of
remembrances. It's the date the school opened in 1884. |
|
29:13 |
Credits
[see below] |
|
29:20 |
Out
point |
|
29:48 |
Credits:
PRESENTER
Stan Grant
PRODUCER
& WRITER
Anne Worthington
CAMERA
Greg Nelson ACS
EDITOR
Leah Donovan
ADDITIONAL
CAMERA
Michael Werner
GRAPHICS
Andrés Gómez Isaza
ASSISTANT
EDITOR
Tom Carr
ARCHIVAL
RESEARCH
Michell Boukheris
ARCHIVE
U.S. National Archives
Yale University Library
Library of Congress
Denver Public Library Special Collection
U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center
NAA, Smithsonian Institution
SPECIAL
THANKS
Genoa U.S. Indian School Foundation
History Nebraska
Nebraska Public Media
SENIOR
PRODUCTION MANAGER
Michelle Roberts
RESEARCH
Victoria Allen
DIGITAL
PRODUCER
Matt Henry
SUPERVISING
PRODUCER
Lisa McGregor
EXECUTIVE
PRODUCER
Matthew Carney
Foreign
Correspondent
abc.net.au/foreign
©
2022 Australian Broadcasting Corporation